Ca^2＋预处理对热胁迫下辣椒叶肉细胞中Ca^2＋—ATP酶活性的影响

在常温下生长的辣椒（Capsicum annuum L.）叶肉细胞中Ca^2 －ATP酶主要分布于质膜、液泡膜上,叶绿体的基质和基粒片层上也有少量分布;在40℃下热胁迫不同的时间,酶活性逐渐下降,直到叶绿体超微结构解体。同样条件下,经过Ca^2 预处理后,分布在上述细胞器膜或片层上的酶活性大大提高,表明Ca^2 预处理对该活性具有激活作用;Ca^2 预处理对热胁迫下的超微结构的完整性具有一定的保护作用,并且能使Ca^2 －ATP酶在热胁迫下维持较高活性。结果表明,Ca^2 预处理增强辣椒幼苗的抗热性,可能与其稳定细胞膜、从而使Ca^2 －ATP酶在热迫下保护较高活性有一定关系。     

Effects of Temperature Acclimation Pretreatment on the Ultrastructure of Mesophyll Cells in Young Grape Plants （Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu） Under Cross-Temperature Stresses

Leaves from annual young grape plants （Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu） were used as experimental materials. The ultrastructural characteristics of mesophyll cells in chilling-treated plants after heat acclimation （HA） and in heat-treated plants after cold acclimation （CA） were observed and compared using transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that slight injury appeared in the ultrastructure of mesophyll cells after either HA （38℃ for 10 h） or CA （8℃ for 2.5 d）, but the tolerance to subsequent extreme temperature stress was remarkably improved by HA or CA pretreatment. The increases in membrane permeability and malondialdehyde concentration under chilling （0℃） or heat （45℃） stress were markedly inhibited by HA or CA pretreatment. The mesophyll cells of plants not pretreated with HA were markedly damaged following chilling stress. The chloroplasts appeared irregular in shape, the arrangement of the stroma lamellae was disordered, and no starch granules were present. The cristae of the mitochondria were disrupted and became empty. The nucleus became irregular in shape and the nuclear membrane was digested. In contrast, the mesophyll cells of HA-pretreated plants maintained an intact ultrastructure under chilling stress. The mesophyll cells of control plants were also severely damaged under heat stress. The chloroplast became round in shape, the stroma lamellae became swollen, and the contents of vacuoles formed clumps. In the case of mitochondria of control plants subjected to heat stress, the outer envelope was digested and the cristae were disrupted and became many small vesicles. Compared with cellular organelles in control plants, those in CA plant cells always maintained an integrated state during whole heat stress, except for the chloroplasts, which became round in shape after 10 h heat stress. From these data, we suggest that the stability of mesophyll cells under chilling stress can be increased by HA pretreatment. Similarly, CA pretreatment can protect chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the nucleus against subsequent heat stress; thus, the thermoresistance of grape seedlings was improved. The results obtained in the present study are the first, to our knowledge, to offered cytological evidence of cross-adaptation to temperature stresses in grape plants.     

风信子根尖预处理及核型分析

采用秋水仙素、8-羟基喹啉、放线菌酮3种试剂及秋水仙素与8-羟基喹啉的混合液、冰水混合物等,按不同时间梯度对风信子‘Pink Pearl’根尖进行预处理,以获得进行染色体分析的清晰制片,为风信子品种染色体分析及其微结构研究奠定基础。结果表明:‘Pink Pearl’根尖经5种预处理后,再经固定、解离、染色、压片均可获得分散良好、形态正常、易于计数并进行核型分析的高质量染色体制片。秋水仙素和8-羟基喹啉的最适预处理时间分别是12h、20h;放线菌酮、秋水仙素与8-羟基喹啉混合液、冰水混合物的最适预处理时间均是24h。染色体核型分析表明:风信子的核型公式为2n=2x=16=6m+4sm+2smsat+4st;核不对称系数为60.2%,为2C核型。     

国内简讯

葛根燃料乙醇生产技术取得重要进展葛根是一种高淀粉含量的非粮作物,其环境适应性强,在山地、林地、斜坡和未开垦的荒地都能较好地生长,被认为是发展燃料乙醇产业最有潜力的原料之一。近期,中国科学院过程工程研究所在葛根燃料乙醇生产技术研究方面取得重要进展,研究人员创新性地将“汽爆”预处理技术与连续耦合固态发酵技术相结合。有效解决了传统发酵技术能耗高、污染重、组分利用单一等问题。     

高氧液预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的:研究高氧液预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法:雄性新西兰白兔32只,随机分为4组(n=8),结扎-开放冠状动脉左前降支(LAD)建立心肌缺血再灌注模型。假手术组(Sham组)只穿线环绕LAD不结扎;吸氧组(OX组)结扎前30 min经鼻吸纯氧2L/min;在结扎LAD前30 min分别静脉注射HO 10 ml/kg(HO1组)、20 ml/kg(HO2组)。于结扎LAD前即刻(T0,基础值)、开放LAD前即刻(T1)、再灌注60 min(T2)及再灌注120 min(T3)时记录HR和MAP,于T3时抽取动脉血样3 ml,测定血清肌酸激酶(CK)、肌钙蛋白I(cTNI)的活性和IL-6和TNF-α的浓度,并测定心肌梗死范围。结果:I/S组与T0时比较,T 1-3时各组HR、MAP进行性下降(P<0.05);三组间HR、MAP比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与Sham组比较,I/S组血清CK、cTNI、IL-6和TNF-α含量明显升高(P 0.01);与OX组比较,HO2组上述酶及炎症因子浓度显著下降(P<0.01),心肌梗死范围减小(P<0.05)。结论:高氧液预处理可减轻兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤,机制可能与其抑制炎性反应有关。     

酶法产品推动原料药技术市场快进

近日,中化帝斯曼公司宣布,在华第3只酶法产品头孢克洛正式上市,这意味着酶法技术在国内推广应用再进一步,也凸显其对酶法产品在中国市场的潜力寄予厚望。依据中化帝斯曼提供的数据,酶法产品相对于化学合成在特殊化学原料、有机溶剂和COD排放等领域,以及原料产品本身的稳定性、纯度、色泽和气味等方面同样优势明显。中化帝斯曼有关负责人表示,酶法产品符合中国原料药产业升级和污染控制的需求,也符合中国     

碱与微波联合处理蔗渣对里氏木霉发酵产纤维素酶的影响

以蔗渣为原料,采用碱和微波辐射联合处理后用于里氏木霉纤维素酶的液态发酵。采用单因素试验与正交试验确定了最佳的处理条件为:0.30 mol/L的NaOH溶液浸泡,微波功率160 W,处理5 min。在此条件下得到的单位能耗的酶活净增值最高。后续发酵结束后,酶活较未经处理的蔗渣发酵后所得酶活有显著提高。其中,β-葡萄糖苷酶活、滤纸酶(FPase)活、羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)活分别提高了81.3%,88.2%,154.5%。     

纤维质原料预处理技术

随着石油资源的大量消耗和逐步枯竭,寻找可再生性的替代能源,特别是新的液态燃料,已成为维持人类社会可持续发展的紧迫任务。在可再生性替代能源——生物能源领域发展力度最大的品种是燃料乙醇。但是越来越多的人们已经认识到,随着世界人口的增长,用淀粉和糖类生产燃料和化工产品的发展将受到很大的限制。只有粮食、食糖生产过剩的国家,才能将大量以粮食和食糖作为原料生产的乙醇用作汽车燃料。而植物光合作用产物的绝大部分为植物的枝、干、叶等木质纤维素类,是纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等聚合物的复合物,其中纤维素和半纤维素都可以被转化成乙醇,理论得率可以同粮食相仿（大于400L／t）。因而,即使像美国那样粮食和土地资源非常丰富的国家,目前也十分重视利用植物纤维原料生产乙醇技术的研究。 近年来,纤维素乙醇技术发展较快,突破了一些关键技术的瓶颈,取得了一些进展。为此,我们特别邀请由山东大学微生物技术国家重点实验室主任曲音波教授领衔的团队,围绕纤维素乙醇生产相关技术,分别就纤维质原料预处理技术、纤维素酶生产技术等进展进行连载,希望更多的读者增加对纤维素乙醇技术的了解。     

超声提取和超声水解法从野葛根中提取纯化葛根素和大豆苷元

采用超声法从野葛根中提取葛根异黄酮,再将提取物在盐酸水溶液中超声水解结合有机溶剂萃取法从野葛根中分离纯化葛根素和大豆苷元。葛根素收得率为1．2％,纯度为97．8％;大豆苷元收得率为0．5％,纯度为98．2％。超声法从野葛根中提取分离葛根异黄酮活性成分葛根素和大豆苷元具有省时、节能、提取率和产品纯度高的优点。