2009年全球生物技术/转基因作物商业化发展态势——第一个十四年1996-2009

谨此纪念已故的诺贝尔和平奖得主、国际农业生物技术应用服务组织(ISAAA)首位创始资助人Norman Borlaug     

北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性研究——种-面积曲线的拟合与评价

本文选择了 1 0条曲线作为种 -面积曲线的拟合模型 ,它们分别是S=b a A (1 )S=b aln A (2 )S=(b aln A) c (3)S=aln(A 1 ) (4)S=aln(b A 1 ) (5)S=a Ab (6)S=a A/ (1 b A) (7)S=c/ (1 ae-b A ) (8)S=c - ae-b A (9)S=a(1 - e-b A ) (1 0 )对其中的 7个非线性模型给出了参数初值的计算方法 ,并用 Gauss- Newton或 Marquardt方法计算非线性最优解。又选择了剩余标准差 (RSE)、相关指数 (CRI)、偏差绝对值的平均值 (AAD)和相对偏差绝对值的平均值 (AARD)作为模型拟合优劣的 4个评价指标。研究结果表明 :1 ) 7个非线性模型中参数初值的计算方法是可行的。从 4个评价指标来看 ,它们的非线性最小二乘解都明显优于线性最小二乘解 ;2 ) 1 0个模型的拟合效果都相当好 ,对 5个样地及其各层拟合的共 2 0 0个 CRI中有 71 .5%大于 0 .9,89%大于0 .8,其中曲线 (3)和 (9)最好 ,其次是 (5)、(6)、(2 ) ,(1 )和 (1 0 )最差 ;3)秩相关分析表明 ,3个评价指标RSE、AAD和 AARD相互之间存在极强的正秩相关 ,因此在本研究中 ,它们的评价结果具很强的一致性。     

四川大面积暴发稻飞虱虫害 首次启动稻飞虱Ⅱ级应急防控预案

由于受天气条件等多种因素影响，近期四川部分水稻产区中，有19个县（区、市）稻飞虱大发生，发生面积超过50％。2006年四川的伏旱就没有给喜欢高湿的稻飞虱提供繁殖、暴发的温床。但由于四川在2007年7月相继出现4次区域性中雨以上天气过程，其落区都比较广，这样多雨不热的天气和水稻品种抗虫能力不足，为稻飞虱二次迁飞、繁殖并暴发创造了良好的天气条件。这次稻飞虱的暴发是自1991年以来最严重的一次。     

Body Surface Area Prediction in Odorrana grahami

Body surface area（BSA）was regarded as a more readily quantifiable parameter relative to body mass in the normalization of comparative biochemistry and physiology.The BSA prediction has attracted unceasing research back more than a century on animals,especially on humans and rats.Few studies in this area for anurans were reported,and the equation for body surface area（S）and body mass（W）：S=9.9 W 0.56,which was concluded from toads of four species in 1969,was generally adopted to estimate the body surface areas for anurans until recent years.However,this equation was not applicable to Odorrana grahami.The relationship between body surface area and body mass for this species was established as：S=15.4 W 0.579.Our current results suggest estimation equations should be used cautiously across different species and body surface area predictions on more species need to be conducted.     

NIRS结合TQ软件快速测定山茱萸中莫诺苷的含量北大核心CSCD

应用近红外光谱法对山茱萸中莫诺苷的含量进行快速测定。利用高效液相色谱法测定山茱萸药材中莫诺苷的含量,采用偏最小二乘法建立其含量与近红外光谱之间的模型,并对未知样品进行含量测定。所建莫诺苷的定量模型的相关系数(R2)为0.9857,校正均方差(RMSEC)、内部交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)和预测均方差(RMSEP)分别为0.105、0.2738和0.234。结果表明该方法所测结果准确,且不需复杂的前处理、绿色、无损,适用大批量山茱萸中莫诺苷的快速测定。     

湖南八大公山25 ha常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态监测样地群落组成与空间结构

湖南八大公山国家级自然保护区位于武陵山系北缘, 区内分布有大面积的常绿落叶阔叶混交林, 物种多样性丰富, 群落结构复杂。中国科学院武汉植物园按CTFS (Center for Tropical Forest Sciences)建设规范于2010-2011年在保护区内建设了一个25 ha的动态监测样地, 为亚热带山地森林群落多样性长期动态监测提供了理想的平台。本文初步分析了八大公山25 ha样地的群落组成与空间结构。结果表明: 群落内共有木本植物存活个体186,575株, 隶属于53科114属232种; 个体数超过1,000株的有38个物种(贡献87%的个体数), 个体数最多的物种为黄丹木姜子(Litsea elongata); 样地内稀有种(≤ 25株)种数占样地总物种数的44%, 而个体数仅为样地总个体数的0.4%。样地内个体平均胸径为5.41 cm, 其中68.4%的个体DBH ≤ 5 cm, DBH ≥ 20 cm的个体数(7,474株)仅约占总个体数的4%; 个体胸径直方图呈倒“J”形, 表明样地处于良好更新与正常生长状态。样地的种-面积关系图显示物种数随样地面积的增加而同步增加, 其增长速度由迅速增长逐渐趋于稳定, 取样面积10 ha时可以涵盖90%以上的物种; 1 ha小样地个体数平均为7,261.8 ± 974.8 (SD), 物种数平均为128.2 ± 8.2 (SD), Shannon-Wiener指数平均为3.56 ± 0.11 (SD), Pielou均匀度指数变异最小, 平均为1.69 ± 0.06 (SD); 个体数与各多样性指数均无显著相关, 表明在该样地中物种多样性的取样效应不明显, 物种数量增加的原因可能来自于其他因素的控制。     

大肠杆菌CMP-唾液酸合成酶最小活性域的研究

比较大肠杆菌与脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌的CMP－唾液酸合成酶的氨基酸序列,发现大肠杆菌CMP－唾液酸合成酶的保守区域主要位于N－端,其C－末端似乎对其催化活性没有作用。通过PCR方法,对大肠杆菌CMP－唾液酸合成酶的C－末端进行了一系列截短,将得到的产物连接至表达载体pET-15b中,在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）pLysS中表达。经IPTG诱导,发现从C－末端截去189个氨基酸酶仍有催化活性,说明大肠杆菌CMP－唾液酸合成酶的最小活性域主要集中在N－不端的229个氨基酸。在催化活性的C－端缺失突变合成酶的比活,最适pH及热稳定性发生变化,提示被截去的C－端氨基酸残基虽不直接参与构成酶的催化活性中心,但可影响催化活性域的构象,从而对酶的催化活性与稳定性产生影响。     

Exploring the influence of soil types underneath the canopy in winter wheat leaf area index remote estimating

Aims Remote sensing is an effective and nondestructive way to retrieve leaf area index (LAI) from plot, regional and global range. Soil background is one of the confounding factors limiting remotely estimating LAI. And soil type contains a large proportion of soil background information, which can influence the optical properties of vegetation canopy and soil. However, our knowledge on the effects stemmed from soil types underneath the canopy on LAI remote estimating have been in shortage. Thus, this study aims to explore the influences of soil types underneath the canopy on winter wheat LAI remote estimating. Methods We analyzed the sensitivity variation of eight spectral indices, named normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index 2 (MCARI₂), red edge inflection point (REIP), red edge amplitude (Dr), red edge area (SDr), red edge symmetry (RES), normalized difference spectral index (NDSI), to LAI in different soil types, and then we identified some spectral intervals or parameters that were insensitive to soil type variations underneath the canopy. We also compared the accuracy of two commonly used regression models, partial least squares regression (PLSR) and random forest regression (RFR), in estimating LAI for different soil types. We also explored the problems arising from applying the regression model developed in single soil type area to complex soil types area in retrieving LAI. Important findings This paper demonstrates the effects of soil types underneath the canopy on LAI retrieving. 1) The sensitivity of spectral indices to LAI is significantly different due to the soil type variation, but REIP has the least effects from soil type variation among the eight spectral indices. Meanwhile, the band selection algorithm of lambda-by-lambda not only chooses the most sensitive spectral interval for LAI, but also provides a feasible way to construct the spectral index that exhibits strong resistances to the effects of soil types underneath the canopy. 2) The accuracy of LAI estimation by regression models differs under soil type considered or not. So we suggest that in small scale researches, especially in a field scale, the ability of regression models in explaining variables is the priority consideration, while the PLSR is superior to RFR in this respect. Under the premise of unknown priori knowledge of land surfaces, the RFR is more suitable for retrieving LAI than PLSR, but land surface priori knowledge is still necessary. These findings provide the theoretical basis and methods for developing remotely sensing estimating LAI models adapted to various land surfaces. Further analysis is needed in applying the findings in more crop types, cultivars and growth stages.     

塔里木荒漠河岸林灰胡杨群落最小面积确定与研究方法比较

荒漠河岸林是塔里木极端干旱区唯一的森林群落类型,群落结构组成简单。我们采用种-面积曲线、群落系数-面积曲线与重要值-面积曲线3种方法对塔里木河上游荒漠河岸林灰胡杨（Populus pruinosa Schrenk）群落最小面积进行研究。结果显示,4种饱和种-面积曲线的拟合效果差异明显,S=aA/（1+bA）和S=a（1-e^-bA）模型拟合的相关系数较高（P < 0.01）,拟合效果优于其它2种模型。当取样面积为100 m²时,可包括群落60%~80%的物种数,取样面积为200 m²时,则可包括群落90%的物种数。群落系数-面积曲线与重要值-面积曲线2种方法确定的群落最小面积均为400 m²,二者克服了种-面积曲线仅关注物种出现与否和饱和种的估算问题,拟合结果更符合实际情况,更适用于塔里木荒漠河岸林最小取样面积的确定。本研究结果表明荒漠河岸林包括60%、80%、90%群落物种的临界抽样面积分别为100 m²、200 m²和400 m ²,可以满足不同研究精度的要求;塔里木河上游荒漠河岸林灰胡杨群落学调查的最适取样面积是400 m²。     

最大可允许填海面积模拟——厦门西海域案例研究

填海造地在解决海岸带地区发展空间短缺问题的同时,严重损害了人类赖以生存和发展的海洋与海岸带生态系统。如何控制大规模填海造地是我国面临的重大课题。构建了估算海湾最大可允许填海造地面积的分析框架和模型。填海造地的各种收益和成本,包括环境和生态成本被系统性地量化并嵌入到框架和模型之中。模型的估算结果可以为实施控制填海造地的约束机制提供科技支撑。利用建立的框架和模型对厦门西海域模拟的结果显示:当贴现率为4.5%时,厦门西海域最大可允许填海面积是89.44 hm2,其面积至少应该保持在44.52 km2;即便是使用8%的高贴现率,最大可允许填海面积也只占规划填海面积的35.83%;如果采用更加重视环境与生态效益的低贴现率2%,则厦门西海域最大可允许填海面积是0。