半滑舌鳎胚胎发育中后期卵黄囊超微结构观察

在胚胎发育中期,半滑舌鳎胚胎由胚体、卵黄囊和卵周液构成.对半滑舌鳎胚胎发育中后期的卵黄囊进行超微结构观察.结果表明,卵黄囊是由卵黄囊膜和包裹其内的卵黄物质组成.在半滑舌鳎胚胎发育过程中,卵黄囊内的卵黄物质逐渐消耗产生低分子量的卵黄磷蛋白分裂小泡.分裂小泡转移到卵黄囊内部消黄细胞中,在消黄细胞的作用下分裂小泡转化成卵黄颗粒.随后卵黄颗粒在卵黄囊内表面聚集成囊状结构并转移运输到卵黄囊膜内部,最后把卵黄物质从卵黄囊膜转移并释放到卵周液中,为胚胎发育提供营养.     

线性回归法实现半滑舌鳎幼鱼表型性状与体重的通径分析

为探讨半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)形态性状对体重的影响,实验随机选取137尾半滑舌鳎幼鱼为研究对象,测量全长、体长、体高、体厚、头长、吻端至鳃裂前缘长6个形态性状,并称量其体重.采用相关分析和通径分析的方法计算各形态性状对体重的直接和间接作用,找出主要影响因子,并建立多元回归方程.结果表明,实验所测定的各形态性状间表型相关均达到极显著水平(P0.01);各形态性状通过其它形态性状的间接作用均大于其直接作用,说明体重的主要影响因素是由多个形态性状组成的.采用逐步线性回归的方法建立了多元回归方程y=-77.901+2.404X_1+6.168X_3+33.046X_4+2.950X_5,其中Y为体重(g),X_1为体长(cm),X3为体高(cm),X_4为体厚(cm),X_5为头长(cm).经回归预测,估计值与实际观察值差异不显著,说明该方程可以简便可靠的应用于良种选育及实际生产中.     

广东罗坑自然保护区丽棘蜥的体温调节

2008年9~10月在广东省罗坑自然保护区,测定了丽棘蜥Acanthosaura lepidogaster在自然条件下的野外活动体温,实验室条件下的选择体温、热耐受性、静止状态下丽棘蜥的体温以及昼夜体温变化等热生物学指标。结果显示:在自然条件下,丽棘蜥的野外活动体温(Tb)高于基质温度(Ts)和空气温度(Ta),并与后二者呈正相关关系(Tb=2.938+0.994Ts,r2=0.926,F1,60=751.66,P0.0001;Tb=2.045+0.955Ta,r2=0.897,F1,60=523.39,P0.0001)。丽棘蜥的野外活动体温存在明显的月份间差异,但无年龄上的差异。环境温度为9~35℃的实验条件下,丽棘蜥的静止体温(Tb)与环境温度(Te)呈正相关关系:Tb=2.5446+0.8881Te(F1,73=156.34,r2=0.990,P0.001);在缺乏温度梯度的环境中,丽棘蜥的昼夜体温显著高于空气温度和基质温度(P0.05),并与后二者呈正相关关系(Tb=8.060+0.683Ta,r2=0.313,F1,70=31.86,P0.0001;Tb=9.101+0.614Ts,r2=0.258,F1,70=24.341,P0.0001)。丽棘蜥的选择体温、耐受低温和耐受高温分别是29.51℃±0.31℃、6.33℃±0.26℃和40.40℃±0.69℃。丽棘蜥的体温调节模式既有行为调节也有生理调节,但是相对于其他活动较多的蜥蜴而言,丽棘蜥的生理调节能力较弱,这可能与其运动能力比较强的行为特点有关。     

Molecular Assessment and Taxonomic Status of the Rapid Racerunner （Eremias velox complex） with Particular Attention to the Populations in Northwestern China

The rapid racerunner,Eremias velox,is a widely distributed lizard from the northern Caucasus across entire Central Asia eastward to China.It is increasingly common to accept E.velox as a species complex in its entire range.To date,published morphological and molecular systematic hypotheses of this complex are only partially congruent,and its taxonomic status and evolutionary history are still far from clear.The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and12S rRNA sequences were used to evaluate the taxonomy of this complex,with particular attention to the phylogenetic placement of populations in northwestern China.Examination of the phylogenetic analyses recovers seven distinct,biogeographically discrete,and well-supported clades,revealing genetically identifiable populations corresponding to some previously morphology-defined subspecies.Chinese E.v.roborowskii appears to have split from other Central Asian rapid racerunner lizards well before differentiation occurred among the latter taxa.Specifically,we corroborate that there are two subspecies occurring in China,i.e.,E.v.velox and E.v.roborowskii.We recommend a novel subspecific status for the phenotypically and genetically distinct populations in southern Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan previously assigned to E.v.velox.Finally,each of the three independently evolving lineages from Iranian Plateau should be recognized as three species new to science under the general lineage concept.     

MHC Class I Exon 4 in the Multiocellated Racerunners （Eremias multiocellata）： Polymorphism,Duplication and Selection

The major histocompatibility complex （MHC） is a dynamic genetic region with an essential role in the adaptive immunity of jawed vertebrates. The MHC polymorphism is affected by many processes such as birth-and- death evolution, gene conversion, and concerted evolution. Studies investigating the evolution of MHC class I genes have been biased toward a few particular taxa and model species. However, the investigation of this region in nonavian reptiles is still in its infancy. We present the first characterization of MHC class I genes in a species from the family Lacertidae. We assessed genetic diversity and a role of selection in shaping the diversity of MHC class I exon 4 among 37 individuals of Eremias multiocellata from a population in Lanzhou, China. We generated 67 distinct DNA sequences using cloning and sequencing methods, and identified 36 putative functional variants as well as two putative pseudogene-variants. We found the number of variants within an individual varying between two and seven, indicating that there are at least four MHC class I loci in this species. Gene duplication plays a role in increasing copy numbers of MHC genes and allelic diversity in this species. The class I exon 4 sequences are characteristic of low nucleotide diversity. No signal of recombination is detected, but purifying selection is detected in β2-microglobulin interaction sites and some other silent sites outside of the function-constraint regions. Certain identical alleles are shared by Eremias multiocellata and E. przewalskii and E. brenchleyi, suggesting trans-species polymorphism. The data are compatible with a birth-and-death model of evolution.     

墨西哥帕丘卡卵胎生条纹强棱蜥的繁殖周期

本文报道墨西哥伊达尔戈州帕丘卡地区干旱环境中卵胎生条纹强棱蜥的繁殖周期及特征.测定墨西哥两个科学收藏馆的浸制标本获得数据.雌雄个体达到性成熟时的体长相等,为40.0 mm.雄体睾丸重量在5月开始增加,至7、8月达到最大.睾丸重量变化与降雨量、温度和光周期均无关.雌体卵泡重量在7月开始增加,并一直持续至10月.从11月至次年7月,雌体怀有胚胎.卵黄发生及胚胎发育与光周期、温度和降雨量无关.窝仔数与雌体体长呈正相关.平均窝仔数为5.2±0.2个(2-10个).     

半滑舌鳎仔鱼的摄食与生长

在水温23.4-24.0℃、盐度33.00、pH7.78-8.02的培养条件下,半滑舌鳎初孵仔鱼全长为3.55±0.161mm(n=60),依照公式4/3π.R/2.(r/2)2计算其卵黄囊体积为0.606±0.106mm3(n=60)。1日龄仔鱼,全长为4.99±0.211mm(n=10),卵黄囊体积较初孵仔鱼缩小近10倍,约为0.066±0.008mm3(n=10);2日龄,仔鱼的巡游模式建立,仔鱼全长为5.61±0.069mm,卵黄囊体积为0.030±0.002mm3(n=10),口初开;2.5日龄,口完全裂开,口裂0.24±0.024mm(n=10),仔鱼进入摄食期;3日龄,仔鱼的外源性摄食关系初步建立;4日龄,仔鱼的摄食率达100%,完成了内源性营养向外源性营养的转换;5日龄,仔鱼的卵黄完全被吸收,仅剩聚成一团的小油球,仔鱼的混合营养期持续2.5天时间;21日龄,稚鱼全长为12.96±0.611mm(n=11),仍有40%的个体残余的油球还没有完全被吸收,其体积仅为0.0000005±0.000003mm3(n=11)。仔鱼发育过程中,其长度的生长存在内源性营养阶段的快速生长、混合营养阶段的慢速生长以及饥饿期间的负生长三个生长期相,平均增长率为0.45mm/d,依照TL=aD3 bD2 cD d方程式对仔鱼的全长与日龄进行回归,其生长模型为TL(mm)=0.0026D3-0.0704D2 0.7993D 3.55(R2=0.9811,n=324)。仔鱼耐受饥饿的时间临界点发生在孵化后第10天(即9日龄)。仔鱼具有摄食能力的时间约6天,不可逆转饥饿期的时间约3天。残余的油球较长时间的存在,相对地延长了仔鱼混合营养期的时间,对仔鱼的发育、生长和存活有着至关重要的作用。5-20日龄的个体都具有胸角这个明显的形态学特征,只是饥饿个体和不可逆转饥饿期个体的胸角比摄食个体更为明显和尖锐,胸角不能作为区分健康仔鱼和饥饿仔鱼的形态学依据之一[动物学报51(6)1023-1033,2005]。     

北草蜥种群间生活史变异的成因分析:热环境、食物可利用性和体温的岛屿间差异

比较浙江温州北麂岛与洞头岛的热环境、食物可利用性以及动物体温,以辨析北草蜥岛屿种群间生活史特征差异中环境因子的作用。通过测定岛屿上北草蜥栖息地植被和环境温度,比较岛屿热环境的差异。野外测定活动蜥蜴的体温、环境温度和活动规律,实验室温梯板中测定动物喜好体温。用陷阱法测定无脊椎动物多样性和丰度,以比较岛屿蜥蜴种群的食物可利用性。岛屿植被存在差异导致热环境的差异。洞头岛植被高于北麂岛,地表层光线透入率则低于北麂岛。因而,洞头岛郁闭地表的平均温度和最高温度显著低于北麂岛,但两岛裸露地面的温度无显著差异。热环境的岛屿间差异进而影响北草蜥的野外体温。在春季,洞头岛的野外有效温度和基底温度显著大于北麂岛,而两岛北草蜥的体温无显著差异;在夏季,洞头岛的北草蜥体温、有效温度和基质温度均显著高于北麂岛;到秋季,北麂岛蜥蜴体温和环境温度高于洞头岛。地面无脊椎动物多样性和丰度的岛屿间差异表明北麂岛食物可利用性大于洞头岛。岛屿间北草蜥日活动规律和喜好体温无显著差异。本研究表明:(1)温度和食物可利用性存在岛屿间差异,岛屿种群间生活史特征差异可能与之有关;(2)两岛屿北草蜥主要采取行为调节对策来适应自然界的热环境变化,尚未发现热生理学特征的进化性漂移[动物学报51(5):797-805,2005]。     

半滑舌鳎脑芳香化酶基因cDNA克隆及表达分析

为研究脑型芳香化酶（P450aromB）在半滑舌鳎性别分化中的作用,采用同源克隆策略,从半滑舌鳎脑分离了2184 bp长的脑型芳香化酶的全长cDNA,该基因编码498个氨基酸。氨基酸序列和系统发育分析表明,P450aromB属于脑型P450arom,P450aromB的氨基酸序列与其他鱼类脑型Ｐ450arom的同源性较高（48.3%—66.1%）,与性腺型Ｐ450arom的同源性较低(34.2%—49.9%),与自身的性腺型芳香化酶同源性为45.1％。RT-PCR分析表明：P450aromB mRNA的表达具有明显组织特异性,P450aromB只在性腺、脑、鳃和皮肤中表达,且脑中表达量远高于性腺,而在雌雄鱼的其他组织中都不表达。经过甲基睾酮浸浴处理和高温诱导半滑舌鳎由雌性性反转为雄性后,脑中P450aromB的表达量降低,这些结果表明P450aromB参与了半滑舌鳎的性腺分化和性别决定过程。     

桓仁滑蜥的现状及其保护（图版Ⅴ，上）

桓仁滑蜥仅分布于我国辽宁省桓仁县很狭窄的区域内,种群数量极其稀少,而且由于人类生产活动的影响和猎捕,已经导致该物种处于极度濒危状态。本文对桓仁滑蜥生物学特性及其生活环境进行了简要的描述,希望能够引起相关部门的重视,尽快采取有效的保护措施。