江苏沿海农区甜菜夜蛾发生特点研究进展

本文探讨了甜菜夜蛾在沿海农区的发生代数、生态区划与寄主范围、生物生态学特性、暴发原因,同时测定了沿海农区甜菜夜蛾的危害损失、防治指标、分布型和抽样方法,改进了沿海农区甜菜夜蛾测报预警技术,组建了沿海农区甜菜夜蛾综合控制技术体系。     

棉田玉米螟卵的空间分布及抽样技术

本通过采用平均拥挤度的概念和聚集性指标。运用随机分布的偏离度假设测验。对玉米螟Ostrlnia funacalis(Guenee)在棉田的空间格局进行了系统的研究．以聚集度和格局纹理描述了卵的不同密度在棉田的分布变化过程及分布特征．得出江苏沿江．沿海棉区二代玉米螟在棉田内为聚集分布。服从Neyman A概型的核心分布;三代卵在百株25块以下的密度为随机分布。服从Poisson分布。而在高于百株25块的密度下则为聚集分布。并根据分布型计算出理论抽样和抽样单位大小．从获得的资料中建立了预测模式：二代：m↑^=1．2167[-ln(1-P)]^1.0173r=0．9966三代：m↑^=1.1263[-ln(1-P)]^1.2423r=0．9871用有卵样点率(P)简单估计田间卵的平均密度(m^)为研究测定棉花受害损失、决定防治策略和指标提供了依据。     

宁绍平原圩田景观解析

宁绍平原是中国最古老的圩田开垦地区之一。地质上底土的差异、水与田的动态变化以及人类的干预形成了宁绍平原丰富的圩田形式。文章以历史地图、传统舆图、历史照片等图像资料以及地方志为基础,结合现场调研,首先论述宁绍平原圩田景观演变的自然与文化的动力因素;然后从风景园林学科的角度,将宁绍平原的圩田景观分解为一个多层系统的叠加,包括反映出自然特征的水利系统、以水利和土地划分为基础的农业开垦系统以及以农田水利网络、开垦机制为特征的聚落系统;最后总结圩田景观对宁绍平原人居环境方面形成的巨大影响     

宁波月湖古代城市公共园林流变研究

宁波月湖是以月湖为中心开辟形成的湖泊型公共园林,然而不同于大多数湖泊型公共园林,月湖是园林史上少数存在于城内并发展为人文地标的公共园林。月湖初辟于唐贞观年间（627—649年）,极盛于宋元祐年间（1086—1094年）,至今已有1 400多年历史。作为唐代开辟且至今现存的公共园林,月湖的发展经历了城市公共园林形成的4个典型阶段,对于中国古代城市公共园林及其产生文化的发展有实证意义。本文结合保存得较为完整的江南地方志图文,梳理了宁波月湖的园林建设历程,并重点从外在形式和内在驱动两方面归纳了月湖公共园林演变的动因机制,提出了园林与城市相互影响共同发展的观点。     

江苏省棉田玉米螟生态特点的研究

通过调查研究,明确江苏省棉田玉米螟存在4个生态区。其生态特点分别是,Ⅰ．一代为害区：为淮北及沿海北部的夏玉米棉花区,为害受天气条件制约,6月上甸“高温低湿”为害轻,反之则重。二、三代为害玉米。Ⅱ.二、三代为害区;为沿海中南部春玉米棉花区,一代为害玉米,二代为害玉米、棉花,三代集中为害棉花。Ⅲ.一、二、三代为害区：为邻近玉米区的稻棉区,受外来虫源影响,距玉米区越近,二、三代为害越重。Ⅳ．为害钕轻区：为远离玉米区的稻棉区。     

洞庭平原黄胸鼠种群年龄组的划分

根据胴体重的频次分布和每５ｇ胴体重组的鼠所对应的发育与繁殖状况,将黄胸鼠分为５个年龄组,Ⅰ,幼年组：胴体重≤３５ｇ;Ⅱ。亚成年组,３６－６５ｇ;Ⅲ。成年一组：６６－１００ｇ;Ⅳ．成年二组：１０１－１３５ｇ;Ⅴ．老年组;〉１３５ｇ。经ｔ检验,各组间的胴体重,体重,体长尾长都有显著性的差异。各年龄组间的体重与胴体重存在显著的正相关前３个年龄组的体长和尾长与胴体重之间有极显著相关性。各年龄组的雌性比变化     

辽北平原苏打盐渍土增施泥炭对土壤盐分的影响

对辽河北部平原苏打盐渍化土壤改良试验表明,在增施泥炭条件下,苏打草甸盐土当年玉米产量可达２５００～４４００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,苏打碱化草甸土为５５００～６８００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,增产率分别为４０～１４４％和１２７～１８１％;第２年后者的持续产量为６２００～８０００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,增产率仍高达６９～１１８％．相应地,土壤剖面特别是耕作层呈现为明显脱盐,ｐＨ及碱化度下降,土壤有机质、全氮及全磷含量增加．     

河套平原盐碱地生态治理和生态产业发展模式

开展河套平原盐碱地的生态治理对提升该区生态系统稳定性、土地生产力和资源利用效率具有重要战略与现实意义。为此,科技部通过"典型脆弱生态修复与保护研究"专项立项了重点研发计划项目"河套平原盐碱地生态治理关键技术研究与集成示范(2016YFC0501300)"。介绍了该项目的背景与意义、主要思路与研究内容、整体目标,并对项目研究进行了展望。该项目采用"基础理论+核心技术+新型装备+产业技术+模式示范"一体化思路,旨在揭示河套平原土地盐碱化形成规律与盐碱障碍生态消减原理,研发生物适应型与生态导向型盐碱地治理修复关键技术,研制大型排盐控盐工程设备与复合型生态调理制剂产品,创建盐碱地综合治理技术体系和特色生态产业发展模式。     

长期耕种对江苏沿海围垦区滨海盐土理化性质和小麦产量的影响

江苏沿海地区拥有丰富的滩涂资源滩涂围垦长期以来为国家提供了大量土地利用后备资源,而耕地又是其围垦后最主要的土地利用方式之一。利用实验室土壤理化分析调查江苏东台滩涂围垦区耕种60a内耕地土壤理化属性及对应小麦产量的变化。结果表明:(1)在58a的耕种过程中耕地土壤整体表现出脱盐、脱碱和养分积累的的趋势土壤电导率(EC_(1:5))、pH_(1:2.5)由耕种前的5.29dS/m和8.76下降至0.11dS/m和7.93,土壤有机质(SOM)和全氮(TN)则由2.64g/kg和0.15g/kg上升至13.72g/kg和1.12g/kg;(2)土壤碱解氮(AH-N)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)受施肥和作物生长影响强烈,除AK持续流失外,AHN和AP均表现出先增长后减少的趋势;(3)土壤碳氮比(C/N)和阳离子交换量(CEC)在耕种15-53a经历了剧烈波动,反应出此期间该地区土壤的脆弱性,除AK外,各土壤理化指标均在耕种53a后开始影响20cm以下的深层土壤;(4)随着土壤环境的改善,小麦产量的上升经历了快速增产(0—15a)、波动中产(15—53a)和稳定高产(53a以上)3个阶段,在耕种53年后可达到该品种小麦(扬麦16)正常产量。虽然高强度的农业开发使土壤质量和小麦产量的都有了大幅提升,但耕种0—40年间所表现出的土壤环境的剧烈变化和波动,以及化肥投入与小麦产量之间不对应所可能导致的生态系统问题却应当引起重视,为日后的农业开发提供参考依据。     

Relationships between leaf thickness and vein traits of Achnatherum splendens under different soil moisture conditions in a flood plain wetland,Heihe River,China

Aims The correlations between leaf thickness and vein traits influenced the leaf hydraulic dynamic balance, and there were important meanings to reveal ecophysiological mechanisms of plant leaves water transport and growth rate. Our objective was to study the changes in the relationship between leaf thickness and vein traits (vein diameter, vein density) of Achnatherum splendenspopulations by using standardized major axis estimation (SMA) method under different soil moisture conditions located in flood plain wetland of Zhangye.Methods The study site was located at flood plains wetland of Zhangye, Gansu Province, China. Selecting a starting point along the vertical direction of the river, in turn, along the soil moisture gradient, four plots were set up at intervals of 40 m, plot I (50.07%), plot II (38.77%), plot III (31.5%) and plot IV (20.4%). From each of the four sample plots, seven samples were collected, resulting in (5 m × 5 m) a total of 28 samples. Community traits (height, density) and soil physical and chemical properties were investigated. Six individual samplings of A. splendens from each plot were used to measure the leaf thickness, vein density and vein diameter in laboratory. In addition, the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and transpiration rate (T_r) of A. splendens were measured in natural environment. The 28 plots were categorized into groups I, II, III and IV, and SMA estimation method was then used to examine the allometric relationship among leaf thickness, vein density and vein diameter. Important findings With a decreased soil moisture, the plant density and height displayed a pattern of steadily declining, while the soil electrical conductivity increased, In addition, the vein density, leaf thickness, water use efficiency (WUE), PAR and twig number of A. splendens displayed a pattern of initial decrease, whereas the vein diameter and T_r increase gradually, P_n and plant high displayed changing trends of increasing-decreasing. The leaf thickness was negatively associated with the vein density, vein diameter, and the relationship varied with the soil moisture conditions (p< 0.05). There was a significant positive relationship (p < 0.05) between the leaf thickness and vein density. The SMA slope of the regression equation gradually decreased and was significantly different from 1.0 (p < 0.05) on plot I and IV. In addition, along decreased soil moisture, the standardized major axis slope of regression equation in the scaling relationships between the leaf thickness and vein diameter gradually increased and was significantly different from -1.0 (p < 0.05) on plot I and IV.