无脊椎动物乙酰胆碱酯酶研究进展

乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)是生物体中一种十分重要的神经递质水解酶,也是有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的作用靶标。AChE在不同生物中的性质显著不同,如编码基因个数、序列保守性、表达分布及生理功能等。作为杀虫剂的主要作用靶标之一,AChE不但可以通过单个点突变引起昆虫抗药性,还能够通过多个点突变联合作用、靶标表达量变化及基因复制等方式引起抗药性并且改变昆虫的适合度代价。本文主要从AChE的基因类型、分子进化、蛋白结构、生理功能、与昆虫的抗药性关系、同一物种中不同AChE的性质等6个方面对昆虫纲、蛛形纲和线虫等无脊椎动物AChE的研究进展作一综述。     

药用美洲大蠊氨基酸和维生素含量分析

以人工饲养条件下不同发育阶段的美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana为材料,测定了其氨基酸和维生素的含量。结果表明,美洲大蠊各虫态均含有18种氨基酸,氨基酸总量为23. 27%～29. 44%,人体必需氨基酸含量占44. 04%～49. 55%,优于联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织推荐的40%的标准,属于优质蛋白质资源。与成虫期相比,若虫期氨基酸含量较高,色氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、天门冬氨酸和甘氨酸较为丰富。所检测的5种维生素中,维生素E含量最高,刚蜕皮成虫及雌成虫含量均超过12 mg·kg^-1。美洲大蠊相关产品促睡眠、抗氧化功能可能与其富含色氨酸、谷氨酸和维生素E有关。     

四川黑竹沟国家级自然保护区昆虫调查初报

为了解四川黑竹沟国家级自然保护区的昆虫本底资源状况,2018年7—9月对保护区内的昆虫资源开展了初步调查,共采获标本860余号,隶属于12目88科255属305种。经统计,在物种组成上,保护区昆虫以鳞翅目Lepidoptera (158种)、鞘翅目Coleoptera(76种)和半翅目Hemiptera(40种)为主,种数占比分别为51.80%、24.92%和13.11%,其他类群(31种)占比10.17%。多样性分析结果显示:保护区昆虫丰富度、优势度和多样性指数在鳞翅目中最高(分别为23.798、0.042和2.775),鞘翅目次之(分别为11.369、0.026和1.273),其他类群较低;在均匀度上,半翅目最高(0.021),其次为鳞翅目和直翅目Orthoptera(均为0.018),第三为鞘翅目(0.017),其余类群较低。在区系组成上,以东洋种(211种)为主,广布种(53种)次之,古北种(41种)最少,占比分别为69.18%、17.38%和13.44%。若不计广布种,保护区昆虫区系成分以东洋种占绝对优势,古北种较少,二者占比分别为83.73%和16.27%。对保护区的昆虫资源类型作了初步归纳整理,并附录了保护区昆虫名录。     

我国入侵昆虫研究进展

我国是世界上受外来入侵生物影响最为严重的国家之一。生物入侵已经成为威胁我国粮食安全、生态安全、经济安全的重要制约因子。调查发现,我国近20年入侵昆虫占已知入侵生物的70%,已对国家经济社会安全构成持续威胁。近年来,随着全球变化加快,入侵昆虫疫情不断突发,入侵昆虫扩散分布格局变化加剧。为此,总结梳理了建国70年以来入侵昆虫分布扩散特点、基础与应用研究进展,分析了未来面临的挑战,提出了相关管理建议。     

敦煌莫高窟及周边环境拟步甲虫害调查研究

自2018年以来,每年春夏季在莫高窟窟区及周边荒漠都会出现大规模的拟步甲科昆虫活动,对壁画保存和游客参观造成了影响。为明确拟步甲虫害情况,采用样方法、陷阱法对该区域进行全面普查,以明确拟步甲虫害类型、分布、暴发特点以及对文化遗产的危害。结果表明,在莫高窟暴发的拟步甲科昆虫主要有4种：洛氏脊漠甲Pterocoma loczyi、克氏扁漠甲Sternotrigon kraatzi、三沟胸鳖甲Colposcelis trisulcata和光滑胖漠甲Trigonoscelis sublaevigata,优势种为洛氏脊漠甲。莫高窟约1/3的调查洞窟内有拟步甲活动,对起甲和酥碱壁画威胁较大;其主要取食白刺Nitraria tangutorum,危害荒漠植被。虫害暴发与区域降雨量增加和植物食源丰富相关;亟需采取有效防控措施,以确保文物及其赋存环境安全。本研究为莫高窟虫害的监测防治和文物保护提供了科学依据。     

七角星蜡蚧在云南省的分布与危害

[目的]七角星蜡蚧(半翅目:蚧次目:蚧科:蜡蚧属)是一种外来入侵害虫,自2013年在云南省西双版纳州勐仑镇发现以来,中国大陆再无系统性的调查。近年来作者在云南省收集蚧虫期间,在多地发现七角星蜡蚧为害,现对其在云南省的发生情况进行报道,以期为其监测和防治提供参考。[方法]2016年10月—2021年9月,对云南省15州(市)的64个县(区市)进行了系统调查,详细研究了七角星蜡蚧的分布、寄主及一些生物学习性。[结果]七角星蜡蚧在云南省西双版纳州的景洪市、勐腊县(勐仑镇和磨憨镇)、勐海县(打洛镇),普洱市的宁洱县,德宏州的盈江县(那邦镇),红河州的河口县、金平县(勐拉乡和者米乡)4州(市)7县(市)9地有分布,新增8个分布点。除宁洱县外,其余发生地均位于边境线上,表明其可能为境外多点入侵。在云南该虫危害寄主植物共4科4属5种,包括杧果和莲雾2种经济树种。七角星蜡蚧多寄生在叶片背面,沿叶脉分布,1年发生多代。在河口县的龙船花上,该虫每雌产卵38~50粒,虫口密度达185~250头·叶^-1。[结论]七角星蜡蚧在云南省零星分布,尚未造成严重损害,但有向内扩散的趋势,应加以警惕。     

Expression of two types of acetylcholinesterase gene from the silkworm, Bombyx mori, in insect cells

Complementary DNAs encoding two types of acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） were isolated from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The type 1 （Bmacel） and type 2 （Bmace2） ORFs are 2052 and 1917 bp in length, respectively. Both the complete ORFs of the Bmaces and C- terminal truncated forms were recombined into the Bacmid baculovirus vector under the control of the polyhedrin promoter and expressed in Trichoplusia ni （Tn-5B 1-4） cells. The resulting products exhibited ACHE activity and glycosylation of the expressed proteins. An inhibition assay indicated that the ace2-type enzyme was more sensitive than the acel-type enzyme to inhibition by eserine and paraoxon.     

Role of terpenes from aphid-infested potato on searching and oviposition behavior of Episyrphus balteatus

To cope with pathogen and insect attacks, plants develop different mechanisms of defence, in both direct （physical and chemical） and indirect ways （attractive volatiles to entomophagous beneficials）. Plants are then able to express traits that facilitate ＂top-down＂ control of pests by attracting herbivore predators. Here we investigate the indirect defence mechanism of potato plants by analyzing the volatile patterns of both healthy and aphid- infested plants. Important changes in the emitted terpene pattern by the Myzus persicae infested host plant were observed. Using Solid Phase MicroExtraction （SPME） and GC-MS, the （E）-fl-farnesene （EBF） appeared to be emitted by aphid-infested potato and not by healthy plants. To assess the infochemical role of these volatile releases after aphid damage on the aphidophagous predators Episyrphus balteams, the hoverfly foraging behavior was assessed using the Observer 5.0 software （Noldus, Wageningen, The Netherlands）. Aphidfree potato plants were also used as a control volatile source in the predator behavioral study. While aphid-infested plants induced efficient searching and acceptation behaviors leading to egg-laying, no kairomonal effect of healthy potato plants was observed, leading to longer immobility durations and shorter searching periods in the net cage. High oviposition rate of E. balteatus was observed when aphid-infested potato was used （mean of 48.9 eggs per laying and per female）. On the other hand, no egg was produced by the hoverfly on healthy aphid-free plants. The E. balteatus foraging and reproductive behaviors according to the volatile emission from aphid-infested plants are discussed in relation to the potential use of active infochemical molecules in integrated aphid pest management.     

The origin of herbivory on land： Initial patterns of plant tissue consumption by arthropods

The early fossil record of terrestrial arthropod herbivory consists of two pulses. The first pulse was concentrated during the latest Silurian to Early Devonian （417 to 403 Ma）, and consists of the earliest evidence for consumption of sporangia and stems （and limited fungivore borings）. Herbivorization of most of these tissues was rapid, representing 0 to 20 million-year （m.y.） lags from the earliest occurrences of these organs in the fossil record to their initial consumption （Phase 1）. For approximately the next 75 m.y., there was a second, more histologically varied origination and expansion of roots, leaves, wood and seeds, whose earliest evidence for herbivorization occurred from the Middle-Late Mississippian boundary to the Middle Pennsylvanian （327 to 309 Ma）. The appearance of this second herbivory pulse during the later Paleozoic （Phase 2） is accompanied by major lags of 98 to 54 m.y. between times of appearance of each of the four organ and tissue types and their subsequent herbivory. Both pulses provide a context for three emerging questions. First is an explanation for the contrast between the near instantaneous consumption of plant tissues during Phase 1, versus the exceptionally long lags between the earliest occurrences of plant tissues and their subsequent herbivorization during Phase 2. Second is the identity of arthropod herbivores for both phases. Third is the cause behind the overwhelming targeting of seed-fern plant hosts during Phase 2. Regardless of the answers to these questions, the trace fossil record of plant-arthropod associations provides primary ecological data that remain unaddressed by the body-fossil record alone.     

Effects of the susceptibility of rice varieties to Sogatella furcifera on nymphal development and reproduction of Microvelia horvathi through a food chain

The effects of four rice varieties highly susceptible （ Xiang-Zao-Xian31 and Jia-Yu 164 ）, moderately susceptible （ Wei-You402 ）, and resistant （ Zhu-Liang-You02 ） to the whitebacked planthopper Sogatellafurcifera on the nymphal development, reproduc- tion and survival of Microvelia horoathi were investigated through a food chain using SogateUafurcifera as herbivore prey. Significant longer nymphal developmental time were observed in the 1 st, 4th, 5th instar and whole nymphal stage of M. horvathi raised on S. furcifera fed ZLY02 and WY402 than those of the other two varieties. M. horvathi raised on S. furcifera fed resistant ZLY02 showed a significant lower survival of whole nymphal stage than those fed other three susceptible varieties. Moreover, M. horvathi raised on S. furcifera fed resistant ZLY02 had shorter female longevity and lower lifetime fecundity than those of on susceptible XZX3l. Our results suggest that the S. furcifera- resistant rice variety ZLY02 had a negative effect on the growth and development of the predator M. horvathi through a food chain.