叶绿体基因组进化的速率和方式

叶绿体是植物细胞重要的细胞器,叶绿体基因组被广泛用于系统进化的研究。对叶绿体基因组进化的速度和方式进行了介绍,并对造成其特异的点突变的原因进行了一定的分析。     

木犀科植物叶绿体基因组结构特征和系统发育关系

木犀科11属19个种叶绿体基因组的一般特征和变异特征的比较分析显示, 结果表明, 该科叶绿体基因组大小为154-165 kb, 其差异主要是大单拷贝(LSC)长度的差异所致。Jasminum属3个物种的叶绿体基因组长度与其余物种有较大差异, 该属clpP基因内含子和accD基因丢失。共线性分析表明, Jasminum属3个物种多个基因出现基因重排现象, 倒位可能是重排的主要原因。Jasminum属在IRb/SSC和SSC/IRa边界的基因均与其它物种不同; 重复序列与SSR数量检测结果表明, Jasminum属与其余物种在数量及重复长度上差异较大。基于CDS数据构建的系统发育树表明, Abeliophyllum distichum和Forsythia suspensa为木犀科中较早分化的类群。     

NaN_3对叶绿体Mg~（2＋）－ATPase的抑制作用再探

ＮａＮ３能抑制新鲜菠菜叶片叶绿体经ＤＴＴ和光激活的Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力。这种抑制属非竞争性抑制。ＮａＮ３还能降低新鲜菠菜叶片叶绿体的反映光合磷酸化高能态的毫秒延迟发光和减少反映类爱体膜质子吸收变化的叶绿体的９－氨基吖啶的荧光猝灭。菠菜叶片经低温贮存几天后其叶绿体的超微结构发生变化,ＮａＮ３对叶绿体的上述影响就消失或基本消失。本实验指出ＮａＮ３是新鲜叶片叶绿体Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的一个强有力的抑制剂。其影响受叶绿体制剂的内源无机磷酸盐含量调节。     

基于叶绿体基因多样性的中国水稻起源进化研究

针对目前亚洲栽培稻起源地和进化途径学说众多、分歧巨大的现状,本研究选择原产中国的98份亚洲栽培稻和125份普通野生稻为材料,对叶绿体中atpA序列、rps16内含子序列、trnP-rpl33间隔区、trnG-trnfM序列、trnT-trnL间隔区序列的五段高突变序列进行测序,利用生物信息学方法进行比对分析,绘制Network网络图,构建系统发育树。结果表明,普通野生稻的Indel和SNP数目均比亚洲栽培稻多,序列多样性丰富;基于单倍型的Network网络图和系统发育树可将所有参试材料归为3个类群,类群I主要为粳稻与普通野生稻,类群II主要为籼稻,类群III主要为普通野生稻,而类群II和类群III亲缘关系较近,提示粳、籼两个亚种可能由偏粳、偏籼的普通野生稻分别进化而来,支持二次起源学说;所有与亚洲栽培稻亲缘关系较近的普通野生稻均来源于华南地区,支持华南地区为我国亚洲栽培稻起源中心的论点。     

含有Rubisco小亚基启动子和转运肽序列的通路克隆入门载体的构建和应用

Gateway(通路克隆)技术是最近开发出来的一种分子克隆技术,其特点是操作简单、省时高效,已经成功应用于很多基因表达载体的构建.然而,现有的通路克隆植物表达载体不包含任何将表达蛋白定位到叶绿体中的序列.将通路克隆入门质粒载体pENTR-2B的XmnⅠ位点改造成HindⅢ位点,产生入门载体pENTR*-2B,然后将番茄1,5二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Rubisco)小亚基3C的启动子(PrbcS)及其转运肽序列(*T)和绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)报告基因亚克隆到pENTR*-2B中,构建通路克隆入门载体pENTR*-PrbcS-*T-GFP.实验结果证实,用pENTR*-PrbcS-*T-GFP和通路克隆的植物表达载体进行LR反应,构建GFP的光诱导型植物表达载体,可以成功地将表达的GFP定位到转基因植物的叶绿体中.利用β-葡糖苷酸酶(GUS)报告基因替代该入门载体中的GFP基因做试验也得到相似的结果.这说明用目的基因替换该入门载体中的GFP可以构建目的基因的入门载体,然后用通路克隆技术可以快速构建其光诱导型植物表达载体,将表达的目的蛋白定位到转基因植物或组织细胞的叶绿体中.     

The Chloroplast Kinase Network： New Insights from Large-Scale Phosphoproteome Profiling

Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications in eukaryotic cells and affects almost all basic cellular processes. The chloroplast as plant-specific cell organelle with important metabolic functions is integrated into the cellular signaling and phosphorylation network. Recent large-scale chloroplast phosphoproteome analyses in Arabidopsis have provided new information about phosphorylation targets and expanded the list of chloroplast metabolic and regulatory functions that are potentially controlled by protein phosphorylation. Phosphorylated peptides identified from chloroplast proteins provide new insights into phosphorylation motifs, protein kinase activities, and substrate utilization. Phosphorylation sites in protein kinases can reveal chloroplast phosphorylation cascades that may network different functions by integrating signaling chains. Our review provides a meta-analysis of currently available chloroplast phosphoproteome information and discusses biological insights from large-scale chloroplast phosphoprotein profiling as well as technological constraints of kinase network analysis.     

Towards Characterization of the Chloroplast NAD（P）H Dehydrogenase Complex

The NAD（P）H dehydrogenase （NDH） complex in chloroplast thylakoid membranes functions in cyclic electron transfer, and in chlororespiration. NDH is composed of at least 15 subunits, including both chloroplast- and nuclear-encoded proteins. During the past few years, extensive proteomic and genetic research on the higher plant NDH complex has been carried out, resulting in identification of several novel nuclear-encoded subunits. In addition, a number of auxiliary proteins, which mainly regulate the expression of chloroplast-encoded ndh genes as well as the assembly and stabilization of the NDH complex, have been discovered and characterized. In the absence of detailed crystallographic data, the structure of the NDH complex has remained obscure, and therefore the role of several NDH-associated nuclear-encoded proteins either as auxiliary proteins or structural subunits remains uncertain. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the subunit composition and assembly process of the chloroplast NDH complex. In addition, a novel oligomeric structure of NDH, the PSI/NDH supercomplex, is discussed.     

Bt基因甜菜叶绿体转化载体构建及毒蛋白表达

利用植物叶绿体基因组在进化中高度保守的特点,根据烟草、菠菜、水稻叶绿体基因组全序列资料设计合成引物,PCR扩增并克隆了甜菜叶绿体两个重要功能基因rbcL和atpB(GenBank登录号分别为DQ067450和DQ067451),并以其作为定点整合外源基因的同源重组片段,构建了Bt基因CryIAc甜菜叶绿体定点转化载体pSKARBt,酶切鉴定表明:所构建载体符合预期设计。对克隆菌菌体总蛋白进行了生物杀虫试验,结果表明:Bt基因CryIAc能够在叶绿体特异性启动子及终止子的调控下表达,并对二龄末甘蓝夜蛾有很强的毒杀作用。该载体构建对培育甜菜高抗虫品种具有重要应用价值。叶绿体转化及后续工作正在进行中。