植物基因工程三部曲（三）：—植物基因工程的成就和展望

1.抗病基因工程 黄瓜、马铃薯、番茄、烟草、苜蓿等植物,经常出现花叶病害而枯死。这些都是病毒引起的病害。人们在研究此病害过程中,发现了交叉保护现象,即先用弱病毒感染植物,再用强病毒感染植物,结果后者感染不上,达到兔疫防病作用。抗病毒基因工程有以下几方面。     

人类T细胞白血病病毒I型pX基因反式调节和致白血病机理的研究进展

人类Ｔ细胞白血病病毒Ｉ型（ＨＴＬＶ－Ｉ）是成人Ｔ细胞白血病（ＡＴＬ）的病因。ＨＴＬＶ－Ｉ基因组中的ｐＸ基因区域编码ｐ４０＾ｔａｘ和ｐ２７＾ｒｅｘ蛋白,前者可反式激活病毒的ＬＴＲ和ＩＬ－２Ｒ及ｃ－ｆｏｓ、ＴＧＦβ１等细胞基因,加强转录过程,在白血病发生中发挥重要作用。ｐ２７＾ｒｅｘ蛋白则在转录后水平进行反馈性调节。白血病的发生机理是多因子参加的多步骤过程。     

N—糖链在纤连蛋白分泌及纤连蛋白受体与配体结合的作用

应用能断糖蛋白Ｎ－糖链合成的衣霉素（ＴＭ）,研究了Ｎ－糖链缺失对ＨＴ１０８０细胞分泌纤连蛋白（Ｆｎ）以及纤连蛋白受体（ＦｎＲ）与配体结合的影响。结果表现,１μｇ／ｍｌ的ＴＭ可抑制Ｎ－糖链的合成（此时,３Ｈ－甘露糖掺入下降６３％）,但细胞分泌Ｆｎ的量仅下降３％,这主要是由于蛋白合成受ＴＭ抑制（２５％）而引起。因而,Ｎ－糖链缺失可能并不影响Ｆｎ的分泌,而在同样条件下,单个细胞结合１２５Ｉ－Ｆｎ的量显著     

大鼠酷氨酸羟化酶基因在肌母细胞中稳定表达

用电穿孔法将大鼠酷氨酸羟化酶（Ｔｙｒｏｓｉｎｅ ｈｙｄｒｏｘｙｌａｓｅ,ＴＨ）基因转染大鼠Ｌ６ＴＧ成肌细胞株,经ＰＣＲ检测、免疫组织化学和荧光组织化学检测证明,ＴＨ基因能在细胞内稳定整合和表达,并在辅因子存在时将酷氨酸转化为多巴,移植于大鼠纹状体后可成活并表达ＴＨ。     

鸡AChRγ亚基基因远端E盒子与myogenin的相互作用

业已证明,鸡ｎＡｃｈＲγ亚基基因５连接区,－５０９／－３０２,－３２４／＋３６片段可独立激活异源启动子ＳＶ４０的转录活性,γ基因近端两个Ｅ盒子（ＣＡＮＮＴＧ）与生肌调节因子（ｍｙｏｇｅｎｉｎ）的相互作用及转录激活分析表明,近端两个Ｅ盒子是γ启动子活性必不可少的,但却是不充分的,利用胶阻滞和ＤＮａｓｅＩ足级试验观察了鸡ｎＡｃｈＲγ基因远端Ｅ盒子与ＧＳＴ－ｍｙｏｇｅｎｉｎ融合蛋白的相互作用,胶阻滞试验     

Physical mapping of three fruit ripening genes：Endopolygalacturonase,ACC oxidase and ACC synthase from apple（Malus x domestica） in an apple rootstock A106（Malus sieboldii

The apple rootstock,A106(Malus sieboldii),had 17 bivalents in pollen mother cells at meiotic metaphase 1,and 17 chromosomes in a haploid pollen cell.Karyotypes were prepared from root-tip cells with 2n=34 chromosomes,Seven out of 82 karyotypes(8.5%) showed one pari of satellites at the end of the short arm of chromosome 3.C-bands were shown on 6 pairs of chromosomes 2,4,6,8,14,and 16 near the telomeric regions of short arms.Probes for three ripening-related genes from Malus x domestica:endopolygalacturonase(EPG,0.6kb),ACC oxidase(1.2kb),and ACC synthase(2kb)were hybridized in situ to metaphase chromosomes of A106.Hybridization sites for the EPG gene were observed on the long arm of chromosome 14 in 15 out of 16 replicate spreads and proximal to the centromere of chromosomes 6 and 11.For the ACC oxidase gene,hylridization sites were observed in the telomeric region of the short arm of chromosomes 5 and 11 in 87% and 81% of 16 spreads respectively,proxiaml to the centromere of chromosome 1 in 81% of the spreads,and on the long arm of chromosome 13 in 50% of the spreads. Physical mapping of three fruit ripening genes in an apple rootstock A106.Twenty five spreads were studied for the ACC synthase gene and hybridization sites were observed in the telomeric region of the short arm of chromosome 12 in 96% of the spreads.chromosomes 9 and 10 in 76% of the spreads,and chromosome 17 in 56% of the spreads.     

受体丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白激酶

近几年证实有几种受体具有丝氨酸／苏氨酸激酶活性,它们都为单一的跨膜蛋白,胞外部位较小,胞内含有公认的丝氨酸／苏氨酸激酶的共同序列,为一类新发现的受体型激酶,TGF－β受体I,II型为典型的受体丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白激酶,它们在传递胞外信息时可能要比受体酷氨酸激酶复杂,需要几种受体共同作用才能完成。     

5—H5与5—HT6受体

5－HT5受体又分为5－HT5A及5－HT5B两种亚型受体,5－HT5A受体主要存在于小脑,大脑皮层,海马等脑区,5－HT5B受体仅在海马CA1区,缰核,背侧缝际核发现,该受体与麦角胺（Ergo-tamine),5-羧基酰氨基色胺（5－Carboxamidotryptamine,5-CT),5-HT,美西麦角（Methysergide)等配体亲和力较大,可能与5－HT 1D受体有某种功能联系,5－HT6受体主要在纹状体,边缘脑和大脑皮层等脑区表达,这类受体与三环类抗精神病药及抗抑郁药有高亲和力反应,提示它参与某些精神疾病的发生与治疗。