蕨配子体发育及卵发生的显微结构观察

运用显微观察技术对蕨(Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum)配子体发育和卵发生进行了研究。结果表明：(1)蕨孢子黄褐色,四面体形,具三裂缝,接种后3～7 d萌发,经丝状体和片状体阶段发育成原叶体,成熟原叶体雌雄异株或同株。(2)蕨颈卵器产生于生长点下方的表面细胞(颈卵器原始细胞),该细胞经2次分裂形成3层细胞,其上层和下层细胞发育为颈卵器壁细胞,中间细胞为初生细胞,它经2次不等分裂产生3个细胞,分别为卵细胞、腹沟细胞和颈沟细胞;刚产生时,此3个细胞紧贴颈卵器壁,细胞质内液泡较多,随着发育,卵细胞和腹沟细胞之间产生了分离腔,但二者通过孔区相连,在卵细胞上表面可观察到卵膜;此后,颈沟细胞和腹沟细胞逐渐退化,颈卵器壁细胞内具有黑色颗粒物质。连续切片观察发现,成熟卵细胞上表面中央具有受精孔。卵发生的细节尚需超微结构的研究。     

水淹对钉螺卵影响的透射电镜观察

春汛期钉螺繁殖期在洞庭湖现场进行水淹螺卵试验，观察螺卵结构的动态变化。结果显示，对照组螺卵胶膜由胶原纤维层和基底膜组成，卵细胞核大，呈圆形或椭圆形，染色质丰富，细胞内含丰富线粒体、内质网和分泌颗粒等。水淹１０ｄ时，结构尚未见明显变化；至２０ｄ时，胶膜胶原纤维横纹不清，断裂有空洞，线粒体肿胀，嵴结构不清，核内染色质减少；３０ｄ时，出现核固缩或崩解，线粒体消失。说明在螺卵发育期水淹能很快使其发生病理损     

黑鹳人工孵化研究

黑鹳人工孵化研究ＴＨＥＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＦＡＲＴＩＦＩＣＩＡＬＩＮＣＵＢＡＴＩＯＮＦＯＲＢＬＡＣＫＳＴＯＲＫ关键词黑鹳,人工孵化,卵失重率ＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓＢｌａｃｋＳｔｏｒｋ,Ａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｉｎｃｕｂａｔｉｏｎ,Ｅｇｇｗｅｉｇｈｔｌｏｓｒａｔｅ中...     

三唑类杀菌剂对三种赤眼蜂成蜂的急性毒性及风险评估

【目的】明确三唑类杀菌剂对天敌赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.的影响。【方法】在室内采用药膜法测定了其对稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead、亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂T. ostriniae Pang et Chen和拟澳洲赤眼蜂T. confusum Viggiani成蜂的急性毒性,并进行了风险评估。【结果】急性毒性测定结果表明,在测定的6种三唑类药剂中,氟环唑急性毒性最高,对稻螟赤眼蜂、拟澳洲赤眼蜂和亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂的LC₅₀分别为12.38(11.34~13.60),12.34 (10.34~15.07) 和41.12 (37.75~45.05) mg a.i/L;其次为苯醚甲环唑和种菌唑,这两种药剂对上述3种赤眼蜂的LC₅₀在507.14 (464.79~556.48)~2 246.93 (1 866.65~2 755.12) mg a.i/L之间;而环丙唑醇、戊唑醇和己唑醇对3种赤眼蜂的毒性最低,其LC₅₀在5 970.03 (5 062.21~7 093.93)~11 712.34(9 941.23~14 026.12) mg a.i/L之间。氟环唑对3种赤眼蜂为低风险性,安全性系数为0.10~0.34。苯醚甲环唑对拟澳洲赤眼蜂为中等风险性,安全性系数为3.96;而该药剂对稻螟赤眼蜂和亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂却均为低风险性,安全性系数分别为8.13和7.69。环丙唑醇、己唑醇、戊唑醇和种菌唑对测定的3种赤眼蜂成蜂均为低风险,其安全性系数在7.31~107.74之间。【结论】一些三唑类杀菌剂对赤眼蜂具有急性毒性潜力,在害虫综合治理中应谨慎使用三唑类杀菌剂,尤其是氟环唑,以免对赤眼蜂造成不良影响及危害。     

樱桃虎象甲卵空间分布型及其抽样技术

野巴旦杏Ａｍｙｇｄｌｕｓ　ｌｅｄｅｂｏｕｒｉａｎｅＳｃｈｌｅｃｈｅ是世界上濒临灭绝的珍稀植物,属新疆保护植物。樱桃虎象甲ＲｈｙｎｃｈｉｔｅｓａｕｒａｔｕｓＳｃｏｐｏｌｉ是危害野巴旦杏果实的主要害虫之一,其雌成虫在野巴旦杏果实上咬一深洞,将卵产于其中,幼虫孵化后蛀入果核内取食果仁造成危害。因此,研究野巴旦杏上樱桃虎象甲卵的空间分布型对于调查和防治樱桃虎象甲具有一定的价值。我们在野巴旦杏保护区对此进行了大量的调查,现将有关资料整理如下。１调查方法在野巴旦杏保护区内共设１０块标准地对樱桃虎象甲的产卵情…     

Naturally occurring Trichogramma species in olive farms in Egypt

A survey of two-year studies (2001-2003) was carried out in two olive groves sited at two representative olive growing areas, namely Paradise Park (arid area) and Burg E1-Arab farm (semi-arid area) to monitor the frequency of endemic Trichogramma species on olive moth (Prays oleae) and jasmine moth (Palpita unionalis). The suspended host bait traps were found to be a more practical and effective tool for collecting Trichogramma wasps than the attached ones. Four naturally occurring Trichogramma species were collected for the first time in Egypt from the olive groves, where releases have never been conducted. T.bourarachae was collected exclusively from Burg El-Arab farm. It seems that this wasp species adapts well to the semi-arid area. Three species, namely T. cordubensis, T. nr.pretiosum and T. cacociae were isolated from Paradise Park farm. All of these wasps were also bred from naturally parasitized host eggs during favorable and even at unfavorable temperature conditions of June-August. However, these endemic species did not occur naturally in sufficient numbers to keep the pest populations from reaching damaging levels.The excessive usage of insecticides and the oophagous predators (e.g., ants and lacewing larvae) are some factors that affect the performance of Trichogramma wasps in olive farms.The presence of warm weather wasp strains suggests the existence of well-adapted wasp species or swains which may be appropriate candidates for the control of target pests in olive groves. Additional study is required to determine the best “habitat-specific” species/strains of Trichogramma for augmentative release of naturally occurring wasps and to incorporate them into integrated pest management programs. Efforts should be made to conserve these endemic species from oophagous predators, hot weather and insecticides.The olive and jasmine moth-larvae and pupae found under tree canopies were bred and emerged parasitoids were listed.     

多胚水稻品系APⅣ的多卵遗传行为分析

通过多胚水稻品系APⅣ与单胚水稻品种IR36、明恢77和龙特浦B正反杂交, 研究APⅣ的多卵遗传行为,表明APⅣ的多卵性状可能不是由孢子体基因型决定的,而是由雄配子体基因型决定,属配子体遗传的范畴。 Abstract:The inheritance of poly-eggs was investigated by crossing and reciprocally crossing APIV with monoembryonic rice variety IR36,Minghui No.77 and Longtepu B,respectively.It was suggested that the production of poly-eggs is probably controlled by gametophytic genotypes,rather than sporophytic ones.     

池塘桡足类休眠卵对浮游种群的潜在补充及其影响因素

休眠卵是桡足类的重要生存策略,其在沉积物中的丰度对水体种群的补充具有重要意义.干塘是池塘养殖管理的重要措施,对池塘生态系统具有重要影响.2014年2月15日(干塘前)和3月2日(干塘后),分别采集广州市南沙区养殖池塘内表层沉积物,研究沉积物中桡足类休眠卵对浮游种群的潜在补充及影响因素.结果表明: 干塘前未冷藏沉积物样品在盐度20时的潜在补充量和孵化率最高,4 ℃冷藏4周后最高值出现在盐度为15的处理组.干塘后未冷藏沉积物样品在盐度15时的潜在补充量和孵化率最高,冷藏4周后最高值出现在盐度为20的处理组.这说明干塘前桡足类休眠卵的潜在补充量显著高于干塘后,且干塘对沉积物中休眠卵的持续孵化时间有影响.     

新烟碱类和大环内酯类杀虫剂对四种赤眼蜂成蜂急性毒性和安全性评价

为了明确新烟碱类和大环内酯类杀虫剂对天敌赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.的影响, 在室内采用药膜法测定了其对稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead、 亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen、 拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani和广赤眼蜂Trichogramma evanescens Westwood成蜂的急性毒性, 并进行了安全性评价。急性毒性测定结果表明： 在测定的新烟碱类药剂中, 噻虫嗪对拟澳洲赤眼蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂表现出最高的急性毒性, 其LC₅₀分别为0.24 (0.21~0.27) 和0.40 (0.37~0.44) mg a.i./L; 其次为烯啶虫胺, 该药剂对上述两种赤眼蜂的LC₅₀分别为0.83 (0.74~0.96) 和0.72 (0.65~0.80) mg a.i./L; 而吡虫啉对亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂的毒性最低, 其LC₅₀分别为502.13 (459.80~549.62)和752.62 (687.51~828.63) mg a.i./L。在测定的大环内酯类药剂中, 阿维菌素对稻螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性最高, 其LC₅₀为0.49 (0.46~0.65) mg a.i./L, 而甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对拟澳洲赤眼蜂表现出最低的急性毒性, 其LC₅₀为21.76 (19.59~24.40) mg a.i./L。安全性评价结果表明, 吡虫啉、 啶虫脒、 氯噻啉和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对4种赤眼蜂为低风险~中等风险性, 安全性系数为0.57~23.54; 噻虫啉和依维菌素对4种赤眼蜂却为中等风险~高风险性, 安全性系数为0.16~3.45; 而烯啶虫胺、 噻虫嗪和阿维菌素对4种赤眼蜂为高风险~极高风险性, 安全性系数为0.01~0.15。本研究测定的大部分杀虫剂对赤眼蜂都有一定的急性毒性风险。因此, 在害虫综合治理中应谨慎使用新烟碱类和大环内酯类杀虫剂尤其是烯啶虫胺、 噻虫嗪和阿维菌素, 以免造成对赤眼蜂的大量杀伤。