Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling adaptive traits in coastal Douglas-fir. I. Timing of vegetative bud flush

Thirty three unique quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting the timing of spring bud flush have been identified in an intraspecific mapping population of coastal Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii]. Both terminal and lateral bud flush were measured over a 4-year period on clonal replicates at two test sites, allowing for the repeated estimation of QTLs. QTLs were detected on 12 linkage groups and, in general, each explained a small proportion of the total phenotypic variance and were additive in effect. Several QTLs influence the timing of bud flush over multiple years, supporting earlier evidence that the timing of bud flush through developmental stages is under moderate to strong genetic control by the same suite of genes through developmental stages. However, only a few QTLs controlling the timing of bud flush were detected at both test sites, suggesting that geographic location plays a major role in the phenology of spring growth. A small number of QTLs with year and site interactions were also estimated. Received: 20 July 2000 / Accepted: 19 October 2000     

Protected raspberry production alters aphid–plant interactions but not aphid population size

• 1 Aphid population dynamics in crops are often driven by interactions with their host plants, which can be extensively influenced by environmental change. Protective environments (i.e. plastic tunnels) are now frequently used for soft fruit production, which may affect the localized climate and alter such interactions. This two year study on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) addressed how protected environments affected two aphid species; the large raspberry aphid Amphorophora idaei (LRA) and the small raspberry aphid Aphis idaei (SRA).
• 2 Temperatures were higher (up to 7–10 °C) in tunnels compared with the field. Plants in tunnels grew approximately 1.4 cm/week faster and had lower (approximately 35%) foliar amino acid concentrations than plants in the field.
• 3 Aphids affected plant growth differently depending on growing environment; they promoted plant growth by 18–37% in tunnels, although they had no such effect in the field. Aphids reduced total and essential amino acid concentrations, with SRA causing greatest reductions (approximately 40% and 33%, respectively).
• 4 Aphid population sizes were similar in both environments, although individual LRA were smaller in tunnels (30% smaller in 2007) compared with those in the field. We suggest that faster aphid development rates inside warmer tunnels were not realized as a result of the variable effects of the growing environment on amino acid composition.
• 5 We conclude that the increasing use of protected environments in crop production will not necessarily cause predictable increases in aphid populations, although it may alter aphid–plant interactions in terms of aphid‐induced changes to plant growth.

     

中国海洋渔业水域环境研究现状及展望

渔业水域环境是水生生物赖以生存、繁衍的最基本条件,优良的渔业水域环境是海洋渔业持续发展的物质载体与必然条件。近年来中国海洋渔业水域环境状况日趋严峻,依据海洋渔业水域监测数据,分析了中国海洋渔业水域环境的现状;概括了中国海洋渔业水域环境面临的主要问题及破坏原因;综述了海洋渔业水域环境保护及修复对策的研究现状,并对今后的研究工作提出了方向与内容上的展望。     

特定频谱波对水电导率影响的研究

目的:为了研究特定频谱波引起的水中离子浓度的变化以及电导率与频谱波间相互作用的规律,用特定频谱波对理化特性略有不同的纯净水、自来水、海水进行影响,研究其电导率的变化。方法:采用一元线性回归分析的方法对数据散点进行拟和,用方差分析来评价其拟合效果,以期发现其中的规律。结果:经过频谱波的影响各种水的电导率都有明显的提高,并且随着处理次数的增加,纯净水的电导率呈阶越式方式增加;自来水呈对数形式增加;而海水则表现为变化幅度微小。结论:造成这个现象的原因可能是由于水分子吸收了频谱波的能量,分子的平均动能增大造成的。这一过程使化学平衡(H2O)n≒xH2O (H2O)n-x和H2O≒ H OH-均向分解的方向运动,水中带电离子的浓度提高,因此电导率发生变化。而电导率提高方式的差异,则是水样在理化特性上的差异导致的。     

Consistent detection of QTLs for crown rust resistance in Italian ryegrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lolium multiflorum</Emphasis> Lam.) across environments and phenotyping methods

Crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii, is one of the most important diseases of temperate forage grasses, such as ryegrasses (Lolium spp.), affecting yield and nutritional quality. Therefore, resistance to crown rust is a major goal in ryegrass breeding programmes. In a two-way pseudo-testcross population consisting of 306 Lolium multiflorum individuals, multisite field evaluations as well as alternative methods based on artificial inoculation with natural inoculate in controlled environments were used to identify QTLs controlling resistance to crown rust. Disease scores obtained from glasshouse and leaf segment test (LST) evaluations were highly correlated with scores from a multisite field assessment (r = 0.66 and 0.79, P < 0.01, respectively) and thus confirmed suitability of these methods for crown rust investigations. Moreover, QTL mapping based on a linkage map consisting of 368 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers revealed similar results across different phenotyping methods. Two major QTLs were consistently detected on linkage group (LG) 1 and LG 2, explaining up to 56% of total phenotypic variance (V _p). Nevertheless, differences between position and magnitude of QTLs were observed among individual field locations and suggested the existence of specific local pathogen populations. The present study not only compared QTL results among crown rust evaluation methods and environments, but also identified molecular markers closely linked to previously undescribed QTLs for crown rust resistance in Italian ryegrass with the potential to be applied in marker-assisted forage crop breeding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

不同生态环境野生大豆的结构比较研究

对生长在不同生态环境的蝶形花科Ｆａｂａｃｅａｅ 大豆属Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ 的两个野生大豆Ｇ．ｓｏｊａ 品系进行了扫描电镜观察及比较研究．结果表明,生长在盐渍生态环境的野生大豆茎和叶体表都具有盐腺,盐腺圆球型,基部有一个小柄,着生在盐生野生大豆茎、叶表皮外切向壁的胞间层处．幼嫩的盐腺靠泌盐孔泌盐,成熟的盐腺靠整体破碎释盐．而生长在黑土地生态环境的野生大豆的茎和叶外切向壁未发现有泌盐的盐腺,其茎叶的表皮都呈现出平滑状态．因此两种不同生态环境的同科同属植物在微观结构上显示出明显差异．     

Diurnal changes in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase properties in the natural environment: interplay of light and temperature in a C4 thermophile

Activities of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) were measured in leaf extracts of field grown Amaranthus paniculatus L. (C₄) during a natural diurnal irradiance and temperature pattern. Enzyme assays were run at both fixed (30°C) and the corresponding leaf temperature at the time of harvest. Light activation of PEP carboxylase (PEPCase) at fixed assay temperatures was expressed as a decrease in S_0–5 (PEP) after a threshold (> 330 μmol m^–2 s^–1) photon fluence rate was surpassed at noon. Earlier in the morning, increase in apparent enzyme affinity for PEP was observed when the assay was run at leaf temperature, indicating a physiologically meaningfull effect of temperature on S^0.5 (PEP). The 3.3-fold increase in PEPCase activity at low PEP and fixed assay temperature between the minimal and maximal irradiance and temperature hours of the day, became 12.8-, 11.5- and 7.4-fold when assays were run at the corresponding leaf temperature during three diurnal cycles with respective temperature differences (max minus min) of 9.0, 8.3 and 7.4°C. The extent of malate inhibition was the same for both day and night forms of PEPCase assayed at 35°C, but increased considerably with night enzyme at 25°C. The results indicate that light increases the apparent affinity of PEPCase for PEP and that at lower temperatures malate becomes more inhibitory. Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase activity started to increase immediately after sunrise and the 10-fold increase at fixed temperature became 14.8-, 14.2- and 13.1-fold when assays were run at the above leaf temperatures. This indicates that the light effect predominates with pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase, while with phosphoenolpyravate carboxylase, light and temperature co-operate to increase the day enzyme activities.     

Seed dispersal, seedling establishment and gap partitioning among tropical pioneer trees

1 We examined the abundance and distribution patterns of pioneer seeds in the soil seed bank, and of pioneer seedlings in 53 recently formed gaps, in a 50‐ha forest dynamics plot on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. The aim was to assess the importance of dispersal limitation (failure of seeds to arrive at all sites suitable for their germination) and establishment limitation (failure of seeds having reached a site to germinate successfully and establish as seedlings) in determining patterns of gap occupancy.
2 The abundance of seeds in the soil seed bank was strongly negatively correlated with seed size, but was not correlated with the abundance of reproductive‐sized adult trees in the plot. In contrast, the abundance of pioneer seedlings > 10 cm height in natural gaps was strongly correlated with adult abundance, but was not correlated with seed size.
3 Seedlings were non‐randomly distributed among gaps, but seedling abundance was not directly related to gap size, and there was no evidence of partitioning of the light environment of gaps by small seedlings. Large differences in growth and mortality rates among species were observed after 1 year, and this may result in the gap size partitioning previously found in saplings of the same species.
4 Seedlings of most species, particularly those with large seeds, were relatively more abundant than expected in gaps close to their conspecific adults. Proximity to reproductives, and by inference dispersal limitation, therefore exerts some effect on seedling distribution. None the less, large differences between seed and seedling abundances for some species, and low seedling occupancy rates in some gaps close to adult conspecifics, suggest that seedling emergence probabilities and species‐specific establishment requirements may also be important determinants of local abundance.     

Predicting the success of an invader: Niche shift versus niche conservatism

Invasive species can encounter environments different from their source populations, which may trigger rapid adaptive changes after introduction (niche shift hypothesis). To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether postintroduction evolution is correlated with contrasting environmental conditions between the European invasive and source ranges in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. The comparison of environmental niches occupied in European and source population ranges revealed more than 96% overlap between invasive and source niches, supporting niche conservatism. However, we found evidence for postintroduction genetic evolution by reanalyzing a published ddRADseq genomic dataset from 90 European invasive populations using genotype–environment association (GEA) methods and generalized dissimilarity modeling (GDM). Three loci, among which a putative heat‐shock protein, exhibited significant allelic turnover along the gradient of winter precipitation that could be associated with ongoing range expansion. Wing morphometric traits weakly correlated with environmental gradients within Europe, but wing size differed between invasive and source populations located in different climatic areas. Niche similarities between source and invasive ranges might have facilitated the establishment of populations. Nonetheless, we found evidence for environmental‐induced adaptive changes after introduction. The ability to rapidly evolve observed in invasive populations (genetic shift) together with a large proportion of unfilled potential suitable areas (80%) pave the way to further spread of Ae. albopictus in Europe.