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11.
玉米未成熟胚乳愈伤组织和器官的发生及其倍性变化的初步研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
本试验在附加和不附加外源激素的MS培养基上,均得到了玉米未成熟胚乳愈伤组织。愈伤组织在附加外源激素的MS培养基上达到器官分化,获得了发育正常的和许多畸形的胚乳植株。所得到的愈伤组织细胞和植株根尖细胞染色体数目和倍性是不稳定的,二者有相同的趋向,其中有整倍体的细胞(2n=10,20,30,40,50),也有各种非整倍体的细胞(2n=5—49)。 相似文献
12.
玉米联合固氮菌Kosakonia radicincitans GXGL-4A的分离鉴定与固氮特性研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
【目的】固氮微生物是生物固氮的主体,其菌种的选育更是生物固氮研究的基础。本实验室分离鉴定出一株新的固氮菌,并对其固氮相关活性进行初步研究。【方法】固氮菌采用Ashby无氮培养基进行分离纯化。通过形态特征分析、生理生化特征分析、16S r RNA基因序列分析和基因组扫描对固氮菌进行鉴定。利用靛酚蓝-分光光度法检测固氮菌的泌铵能力。固氮酶活性的测定使用乙炔还原法。【结果】从玉米根部分离到一株固氮菌株GXGL-4A,菌体短杆状,大小约为1.5μm×0.5μm,单个或常见2个菌体细胞串联在一起,革兰氏染色结果为阴性。16S r RNA基因序列分析结果表明该菌株与Kosakonia oryzae Fo8A1d 16S r RNA基因序列有95%的相似性,结合形态特征、生理生化特征和基因组扫描,将其命名为K.radicincitans GXGL-4A。对其进行固氮基因nif H的检测,经PCR扩增得到预期的296 bp条带;采用靛酚蓝-分光光度法,测得发酵液中铵态氮含量为2.5 mg/L,表明该菌株具有较好的泌铵能力。乙炔还原法测其固氮酶活性,以乙烯生产量表示,结果显示GXGL-4A菌株在无氮培养基上能够有效地还原乙炔,达到232.94 nmol C2H4/(m L·h)。【结论】菌株GXGL-4A是一株可较好地分泌铵的新的固氮菌,具有很好的研究价值。 相似文献
13.
Shibin Gao Carlos Martinez Debra J. Skinner Alan F. Krivanek Jonathan H. Crouch Yunbi Xu 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2008,22(3):477-494
Leaf collection from the field, labeling and tracking back to the source plants after genotyping are rate limiting steps in
leaf DNA-based genotyping. In this study, an optimized genotyping method using endosperm DNA sampled from single maize seeds
was developed, which can be used to replace leaf DNA-based genotyping for both genetic studies and breeding applications.
A similar approach is likely to be suitable for all plants with relatively large seeds. Part of the endosperm was excised
from imbibed maize seeds and DNA extracted in 96-tube plates using individuals from eight F2 populations and seven inbreds. The quality of the resultant DNA was functionally comparable to DNA extracted from leaf tissue.
Extraction from 30 mg of endosperm yields 3–10 μg DNA, which is sufficient for analysis of 200–400 agarose-gel PCR-based markers,
with the potential for several million chip-based SNP marker analyses. By comparing endosperm DNA and leaf DNA for individuals
from an F2 population, genotyping errors caused by pericarp contamination and hetero-fertilization were found to average 3.8 and 0.6%,
respectively. Endosperm sampling did not affect germination rates under controlled conditions, although under normal field
conditions the germination rate, seedling establishment, and growth vigor were significantly lower than that of non-sampled
controls for some genotypes. However, careful field management can compensate for these effects. Seed DNA-based genotyping
lowered costs by 24.6% compared to leaf DNA-based genotyping due to reduced field plantings and labor costs. A substantial
advantage of this approach is that it can be used to select desirable genotypes before planting. As such it provides an opportunity
for dramatic improvements in the efficiency and selective gain of breeding systems based on optimum combinations of marker-assisted
selection and phenotypic selection within and between generations. 相似文献
14.
Maria C Romay Mark J Millard Jeffrey C Glaubitz Jason A Peiffer Kelly L Swarts Terry M Casstevens Robert J Elshire Charlotte B Acharya Sharon E Mitchell Sherry A Flint-Garcia Michael D McMullen James B Holland Edward S Buckler Candice A Gardner 《Genome biology》2013,14(6):R55
Background
Genotyping by sequencing, a new low-cost, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to genotype 2,815 maize inbred accessions, preserved mostly at the National Plant Germplasm System in the USA. The collection includes inbred lines from breeding programs all over the world.Results
The method produced 681,257 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers distributed across the entire genome, with the ability to detect rare alleles at high confidence levels. More than half of the SNPs in the collection are rare. Although most rare alleles have been incorporated into public temperate breeding programs, only a modest amount of the available diversity is present in the commercial germplasm. Analysis of genetic distances shows population stratification, including a small number of large clusters centered on key lines. Nevertheless, an average fixation index of 0.06 indicates moderate differentiation between the three major maize subpopulations. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) decays very rapidly, but the extent of LD is highly dependent on the particular group of germplasm and region of the genome. The utility of these data for performing genome-wide association studies was tested with two simply inherited traits and one complex trait. We identified trait associations at SNPs very close to known candidate genes for kernel color, sweet corn, and flowering time; however, results suggest that more SNPs are needed to better explore the genetic architecture of complex traits.Conclusions
The genotypic information described here allows this publicly available panel to be exploited by researchers facing the challenges of sustainable agriculture through better knowledge of the nature of genetic diversity. 相似文献15.
转基因在玉米中的遗传分离与整合特性的研究 总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23
用PCR和DNA分子杂交方法研究了转基因Bt在3种不同方法获得的8个转化体后代中的遗传分离、整合性质及其稳定性,结果表明:(1)转基因在大多数转化体后中呈简单的孟德尔遗传;在R1至R2代,部分家系中转化体比例偏低,有的发生转基因丢失,但到R3代以后均趋于正常的孟德尔遗传方式,在群体中固定下来;(2)转基因在不同转化体中的整合类型有一定差异,但整合的位点和拷贝数都较少,且多呈串联或紧密连锁的整合;( 相似文献
16.
基因组学方法在玉米种质资源研究中的应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
近年来,分子生物学和植物基因组学得到了飞速发展,包括分子标记技术在内的基因组学方法在玉米种质资源研究中得到了广泛应用。本将对玉米种质资源研究的主要领域如玉米的起源和进化、遗传多样性的形成机制及评估、基于多样性的新基因发掘等方面的最新进展进行评述,并提出我国在应用基因组学方法进行玉米种质资源研究的策略。 相似文献
17.
Georges TawilAnders Viksø-Nielsen Agnès Rolland-SabatéPaul Colonna Alain Buléon 《Carbohydrate polymers》2012,87(1):46-52
A new α-amylase from Anoxybacillus flavothermus (AFA) was found to be effective in hydrolyzing raw starch in production of glucose syrup at temperatures below the starch gelatinization temperature. AFA is very efficient, leading to 77% hydrolysis of a 31% raw starch suspension. The final hydrolysis degree is reached in 2-3 h at starch concentrations lower than 15% and 8-24 h at higher concentrations. AFA is also very efficient in hydrolyzing the crystalline domains in the starch granule. The major A-type crystalline structure is more rapidly degraded than amorphous domains in agreement with the observed preferential hydrolysis of amylopectin. Amylose-lipid complexes are degraded in a second step, yielding amylose fragments which then re-associate into B-type crystalline structures forming the final α-amylase resistant fraction. The mode of action of AFA and the factors limiting complete hydrolysis are discussed in details. 相似文献
18.
玉米茎秆抗倒伏的力学机制研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
建立了玉米茎秆的力学模型,给出了玉米茎秆抗倒伏的各种性质参数的关系式,为玉米抗倒品种的选育提供了理论基础。 相似文献
19.
Maize is a cereal particularly lacking in tryptophan, which is the precursor of serotonin, an important neurotransmitter.
Altough complementary foods may eliminate tryptophan deficiency, serotonin deficiency may often continue to exist because
of competition made by other Large Neutral Amino Acids (LNAA) against tryptophan for neuron access, since they use the same
carrier to cross the blood-brain barrier. Thus serotonin synthesis depends on two variables: the amount of tryptophan and
the trp/LNAA ratio (R). “R” is lowest for common maize, low for beans and, as a rule, for most vegetable foods, higher for
meat. So, when maize is the preponderant food in the meal, the “R” value lowers and so in parallel serotonin synthesis does.
Serotonin deficiency involves several behavioural consequences, such as the tendency towards aggressive behaviour or the religious
fanaticism. Among native american populations, these consequences appear, as a rule, positively correlated with maize alimentary
dependence (Aztecs appear as those who greatly suffered from serotonin deficiency). In the world these are thinkable for some
african populations (i.e. Zulu) or european (i.e. Balkan peoples). 相似文献
20.
玉米花粉单倍体植株染色体上异染色质的变异 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
我们用Giemsa BSG C-带技术检查了玉米花药培养获得的花粉单倍体植株根尖细胞染色体上异染色质的变异,观察结果表明,有的植株所显示的C-带数目是与供体植株的相一致,有的植株所显示的C-带数目则发生了显著变化,其中有的增加,有的减少。并讨论了异染色质发生变异的可能原因。还相应地观察到间期核中染色中心的变化是与中期染色体上C-带数目的变化相一致。 相似文献