Effects of N-fertilizers,straw, and dry fallow on the nitrogen balance of a flooded soil planted with rice

Summary Nitrogen balance studies were made on rice (Oryza sativa) grown in flooded soil in pots. A low rate of fertilizer (5.64 mg N. kg⁻¹ soil) did not depress the N gain, but a high rate (99.72 mg N. kg⁻¹ soil) elminated the N gain. Soil N loss was negligible since¹⁵N applied as ammonium sulfate and thoroughly mixed with the soil was recovered from the soil-plant system after 3 crops. The observed N gain, therefore, was caused by N₂-fixation, not by a reduction of soil N loss. Straw enhanced N gain at the rate of 2–4 mg per g straw. However, this gain was not observed when soil N availability was high. Dry fallow between rice crops decreased the N gain.     

Diel migration and vertical distribution of Cladocera in Lake D. Helvecio (Minas Gerais,Brazil)

Six genera of Clad ocera (Diaphanosoma, Daphnia, Ceriodaphnia, Moina, Bosmina, Bosminopsis), each of them usually with only one species were found in Lake D. Helvecio, a natural valley lake located in the eastern part of Brazil. Diurnal migratory movements of the organisms observed in this lake showed a different pattern in different species. Closely related species, which explore the same food source, live in different layers, thus avoiding interspecific competition. The migratory behaviour of the species was studied mainly in relation to temperature and oxygen distribution in the lake. Thus, analyses were made in the summer (January, 1978) when a strong stratification occurs with the establishment of a thermocline and an oxycline. Comparisons were made also with the data obtained in winter (July, 1978), when a complete mixing of water occurs.     

麦秸覆盖夏玉米对其苗期生长发育的生化他感作用研究初报

麦秸覆盖夏玉米对其苗期生长发育的生化他感作用研究初报张玉铭,马永清（中国科学院石家在农业现代化研究所,０５００２１）ＡｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｉｃＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＷｈｅａｔＳｔｒａｗＭｕｌｃｈｉｎｇｏｎＳｅｅｄｌｉｎｇＧｒｏｗｔｈａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎ...     

Flight responses in a wind tunnel of the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes to three spring and three summer host plants of Heliothis spp.

Flight responses of the parasitoid, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to two phenological stages of spring host plants (crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L., hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Corbiere, and cutleaf geranium, Geranium dissectum L.) and summer host plants (cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L., and soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr.) of Heliothis virescens (F.), were measured in a dual choice situation in a wind tunnel. Preflowering clover was more attractive than preflowering geranium, followed by preflowering vetch. Clover was preferred over geranium in flowering stages as well. No within species differences were detected for the two phenological stages. Preflowering and flowering cotton and soybean were preferred over preflowering and flowering sorghum. The findings could be important in pre-determining release sites for M. croceipes in the field.     

西北黄土高原半干旱区全膜覆土穴播对土壤水热环境和小麦产量的影响

全膜覆土穴播是西北黄土高原旱作区大面积应用于密植作物栽培的关键增产技术,可显著提高降水利用率和作物生产力,但目前对其增产机制和环境效应缺乏系统研究分析。在2011—2013年以春小麦陇春27号为试验材料,设全膜覆土穴播(FMS)、地膜覆盖穴播(FM)和露地穴播(CK)3个处理,研究半干旱旱作区全膜覆土穴播的土壤水热效应及其对小麦产量的影响。结果表明,小麦苗期FMS在0—25 cm土层的平均地温比CK提高1.4—3.5℃,但孕穗到灌浆期正午地表地温比FM和CK分别降低5.3—6.4℃和3.1—4.3℃。FMS和FM使小麦拔节前0—200 cm土层土壤贮水量分别增加33.1和29.3 mm,且可促进小麦对深层水分(100—200 cm)的利用,FMS成熟期100—200 cm土层土壤贮水量比播前下降44.4—69.6 mm,较CK高8.4—145.5%,但FMS在休闲期补充土壤水分77—127 mm,分别较FM和CK增加4.5%—40.9%和12.8%—109.5%;FMS的休闲效率为30.5%—52.6%,比CK高12.8%—109.5%,比FM高4.5%—40.9%。基于对土壤水热环境和作物耗水的影响,FMS的产量达1750—3180 kg/hm2,水分利用效率为5.5—11.5 kg hm-2mm-1,分别比CK增加40%—220%和27%—239%,而且干旱年份的增加幅度更高。因此,FMS改善了小麦生长前期的土壤水热条件,调节作物不同生育期的耗水强度,显著提高作物水分利用效率和产量,并提高降水休闲效率,使小麦生育期耗散的土壤水分在休闲期得到有效补充。     

神湾菠萝夏季果与秋季果香气成分差异性分析

以'神湾'菠萝夏季果和秋季果为材料,采用顶空固相微萃取法(HS-SPME),提取果实中的香气成分,并经气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联机分析.结果表明,夏季果中检测出5类共21种香气成分,分别为酯类、烯类、酸类、醇类和酮类,其中酯类11种,相对含量为92.03%,含量最高的为己酸甲酯(44.91%);烯类6种,相对含量为3.99%;酸类、醇类和酮类分别检测出2种、1种和1种,其相对含量分别为0.72%、0.37%和0.22%.在秋季果中仅检测出2类共8种香气成分,其中酯类7种,总相对含量为92.11%,含量最高的为己酸甲酯(68.36%);烯类物质1种,相对含量为7.89%.     

河北省南大港农场2002年夏蝗发生特点及原因浅析

进入 90年代以来 ,南大港蝗区东亚飞蝗Locustamigratoriamanilensis(Meyen)大发生 6次 ,2 0 0 1年夏秋蝗发生面积达 2 6万hm2 ,5龄蝗蝻最高密度为 1 0 0 0 0头 m2 。 2 0 0 2年形势更为严峻 ,仅夏蝗发生面积超过 2万hm2 ;分别造成 1 3 0 0hm2 和 2 70 0hm2 的芦苇被吃成光杆和被啃食的严重破叶。出土时间早、孵化时间长、龄期悬殊大是今年夏蝗发生的主要特点。主要原因是去年越冬卵块基数大 ,其次是受气候条件和农业环境的影响     

北方冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤氨挥发的原位测定

采用通气法测定了北方冬小麦／夏玉米轮作体系田间土壤的原位氨挥发。结果表明,与冬小麦施用基肥相比,夏玉米追肥后土壤的氨挥发速率很快升高,但军发高峰期持续时间较短,最大氨挥发速率亦低于冬小麦,冬小麦拨节期追肥,氨挥发速率低且呈波动变化,未出现高峰值,从整个生长季节来看,冬小麦不施氮和每公顷施氮120、240、360kg时的累计挥发量分别为4．4、6．9、13．0、38．4kgN/hm^2,夏玉米为8．4、15．1、20．0、26．1kgN/hm^2。按我国北方冬小麦／夏玉米播种面积1864．4万hm^2计,每年由氨挥发向大气排放的氨素达23．8－120．2万t,其中17．2－96．4万t来自氮肥,相当于氮肥投入的2．1％－9．5％。     

干旱条件下夏玉米地-气温差的影响因素及其模拟

地-气温差指标表征作物水分亏缺状况已经被广泛研究,但地-气温差随作物生育进程的变化特征及其影响因子的观测研究仍较少,制约着地-气温差的准确模拟.基于夏玉米2014年三叶期和2015年拔节期的5个灌溉水分控制试验资料的研究表明: 随着夏玉米生育进程的推进,土壤水分的变化显著影响了夏玉米农田的地-气温差,土壤水分亏缺越严重,地-气温差越高.在整个水分处理期间,归一化植被指数是地-气温差的主要影响因子且两者呈显著的线性关系,但不同生育期地-气温差还受其他因子的影响:三叶期后受冠层吸收光合有效辐射比影响且呈显著的线性关系,三叶期至拔节期则受土壤相对湿度和空气相对湿度的影响且呈显著的线性关系.在此基础上,基于2014年试验资料建立了夏玉米全生育期地-气温差模拟模型、营养生长期地-气温差模拟模型和生殖生长期地-气温差模拟模型,并利用2015年夏玉米拔节期5个灌溉水分控制试验资料进行了模型验证,结果表明,夏玉米全生育期地-气温差模型可以解释2015年地-气温差变异的63%,但地-气温差分生育期模拟模型,即营养生长期地-气温差模拟模型和生殖生长期地-气温差模拟模型综合的模拟结果则可解释2015年地-气温差变异的79%.研究结果为基于地-气温差的作物干旱指标定量评估作物干旱提供了依据.