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In this paper we propose an alternative explanation for theevolution of courtship rituals in monogamous species. We demonstrate,using computer simulations, how male courtship might developas males exploit response biases in females to manipulate thefemale into starting reproduction before she has been ableto assess the male's intentions. In our coevolutionary simulations,
a recurrent, artificial neural network is used to model thefemale recognition mechanism, while the displaying male isrepresented by a sequence of signals. Our particular modelsituation is just one example of how a reproductive conflictcould result in the evolution of ritualized displays in monogamous
species. Since reproductive conflicts occur even after pairformations, the explanation we propose may also apply to ritualsthat occur after pair formation. 相似文献
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Michael Arbib Varsha Ganesh Brad Gasser 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2014,369(1644)
The paper introduces dyadic brain modelling, offering both a framework for modelling the brains of interacting agents and a general framework for simulating and visualizing the interactions generated when the brains (and the two bodies) are each coded up in computational detail. It models selected neural mechanisms in ape brains supportive of social interactions, including putative mirror neuron systems inspired by macaque neurophysiology but augmented by increased access to proprioceptive state. Simulation results for a reduced version of the model show ritualized gesture emerging from interactions between a simulated child and mother ape. 相似文献
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Exchange of liquid food among adults (trophallaxis) is documented for the first time in New World sweat bees (Halictinae).
Megalopta genalis and M. ecuadoria are facultatively social, and in social groups foragers regularly give food to the oldest resident female bee, which dominates
social interactions. In turn, the oldest resident sometimes re-distributes this food, and shares it with younger foragers.
Food is sometimes offered freely, but often the dominant bee exhibits escalating aggressive behavior until she is fed, whereupon
she immediately ceases to be aggressive. The occurrence of trophallaxis in a species with mass-provisioned larvae provides
an opportunity to examine the ritualization of social behavior. Trophallaxis also increases survivorship of males and females
by almost 50% under experimental conditions, suggesting the behavior is also important in ecological contexts.
Received 25 July 2005; revised 22 November 2005; accepted 23 December 2005. 相似文献
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Liebal K Call J 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2012,367(1585):118-128
The increasing body of research into human and non-human primates' gestural communication reflects the interest in a comparative approach to human communication, particularly possible scenarios of language evolution. One of the central challenges of this field of research is to identify appropriate criteria to differentiate a gesture from other non-communicative actions. After an introduction to the criteria currently used to define non-human primates' gestures and an overview of ongoing research, we discuss different pathways of how manual actions are transformed into manual gestures in both phylogeny and ontogeny. Currently, the relationship between actions and gestures is not only investigated on a behavioural, but also on a neural level. Here, we focus on recent evidence concerning the differential laterality of manual actions and gestures in apes in the framework of a functional asymmetry of the brain for both hand use and language. 相似文献
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Summary
Polyrhachis laboriosa andCamponotus brutus are two syntopic ants of the African equatorial forest. Although they occupy two different ecological niches (nesting area, diet, rhythms of activity), they are in competition for the exploitation of large permanent food sources.
C. brutus, which is nocturnal, changed its rhythm of activity in the presence of large permanent food sources to exploit it day and night, whileP. laboriosa, diurnal, did not change its rhythm of activity. Encounters between workers of the two species at the food source always resulted in duels, even though several other workers were present. When attacked byC. brutus, P. laboriosa workers showed a novel flee-return strategy (fleeing over a 20-cm distance and returning to the source) instead of escaping definitively from the source and displayed ritualized behavior (i.e., fleeing, raising the gaster, flexing the gaster). These types of behavior appeasedC. brutus workers and enabledP. laboriosa to avoid overt aggression and to exploit the source in spite of the presence of a competitor.
C. brutus also exhibited ritualized behavior during the duels (i.e., back-and-forth jerking of the body, series of light bites on a leg).C. brutus intimidatedP. laboriosa rather than really attacking it. This ritualization, used at an interspecific level, may be the result of a coevolutionary process or the effect of learning that certain types of behavior are beneficial. In any case, both species benefit from the possibility of exploiting large permanent food sources through confrontations that never lead to overt aggression. 相似文献
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T. Nishida 《Journal of human evolution》1980,9(2):117-128
Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania were discovered to show an expressive gesture using leaves, termed as “leaf-clipping display”. This behavioural signal is directed by an adult male to an estrous female as a possessive behaviour, or by an adolescent male as a courtship display, or by an estrous female to an adolescent male also as a solicitation of copulation. The signal also is used toward human observers as a signal of food-demanding. This behaviour pattern might originate in a displacement tool-making behaviour in conflict situations. The leaf-clipping display has not been observed in any other chimpanzee populations studied, and may probably be one example of the tradition drift in wild chimpanzees. 相似文献