长江三角洲核心区绿地系统时空演变特征及生态服务价值评估

在经济建设与环境保护矛盾突出的背景下,研究区域绿地系统时空演化特征,探讨人为因素对绿地系统生态服务的影响,对于改善绿地资源管理、促进区域永续协调发展具有重要意义。本研究基于景观生态学研究方法和生态服务价值当量因子评估法,运用ArcGIS 10.2软件的空间分析功能,对1990—2015年长江三角洲核心区绿地系统时空演化特征及生态服务价值进行了分析。结果表明:(1)长三角核心区绿地景观规模随时间的变化具有阶段性特征,呈现先扩大后缩减的态势;绿地景观与其他土地利用类型的转移存在阶段性与指向性特征;绿地景观格局总体上表现为初期集聚同质化、后期破碎异质化。(2)长三角核心区绿地系统生态服务价值随时间变化明显,不同绿地景观类型有不同的阶段性特征;长三角核心区绿地系统生态服务类型中,调节服务对于绿地系统整体生态服务价值贡献最大。(3)长三角核心区绿地系统生态服务价值在空间上呈现南北不均衡的特征,总体上呈南高北低态势,其中杭州市绿地系统生态服务价值在不同阶段均最高。区域地形地貌是影响区域生态服务价值的一个重要因素。     

闽南三市绿地景观格局与地表温度的空间关系

深入探索绿地景观格局对热环境的影响机制,对于改善城市生态环境具有重要意义。基于厦门、漳州、泉州三市的Landsat遥感数据,应用景观生态学与空间自相关理论,探讨了绿地景观与地表温度的空间分布特征,并用双变量空间自相关与空间自回归模型分析两者之间的空间关系。结果表明:闽南三市绿地与地表温度均具有显著的空间自相关性;内陆的高海拔地区,绿地分布密集,地表温度较低,而城区、乡镇及大片的耕地,绿地分布较少,地表温度较高;漳州、泉州绿地景观格局对地表温度的影响更显著,厦门最弱;绿地的景观类型比例、最大斑块指数、聚集度指数、平均斑块面积与地表温度呈负相关,斑块密度与地表温度呈正相关;边缘密度、平均形状指数与地表温度的关系存在不确定性;空间滞后模型与空间误差模型能更好地解释绿地景观格局与地表温度的空间关系。     

北京城市绿地表层土壤碳氮分布特征

在北京中心城区及周边郊区(覆盖六环路范围),采集不同类型绿地表层(0—20cm)土壤样品490份,测定了土壤有机碳、无机碳、全碳和全氮含量,探讨了城市土壤碳氮分布特征。结果表明:城市不同类型绿地土壤中碳含量差异明显,行道树土壤的有机碳、无机碳和全碳含量均显著高于其他类型绿地,而其它类型土壤有机碳含量差异不显著;居住绿地、道路绿地、单位绿地和公园绿地土壤无机碳含量显著高于生产绿地、防护绿地;城市土壤有机碳、无机碳和全碳含量与距离城市中心距离呈显著的负相关关系;与郊区土壤相比,城区绿地土壤有机碳、无机碳含量有富集的趋势,且无机碳增加更加明显;与郊区农业土壤相比,城市绿地土壤中有机碳有明显地增加趋势,说明北京的城市化在一定程度上有利于土壤碳库的累积。不同类型绿地土壤全氮含量差异不显著,城郊之间全氮含量也无显著差异,土壤全氮质量分数和碳氮比有逐渐减小的趋势,城市化对土壤氮的影响需要进一步研究。     

基于多源数据分析的北京市中心城绿色空间时空演变研究（1992—2016）

随着城市化不断推进,北京市中心城社会经济发展和环境破坏严重威胁着绿色空间发展,理清绿色空间的演变机制为绿地系统规划方案制定提供重要的理论依据。研究以北京市中心城为对象,选择1992年、2000年、2008年和2016年4个重要节点,对其遥感影像进行解译,探究北京中心城绿色空间的时空变化并分析其转变影响因素。研究表明,研究期北京市中心城耕地、林地和湿地及水域面积减少,草地面积增加,总绿色空间大面积减少;中心城用地间的转换主要集中在耕地向建设用地、林地的转换,林地和草地向建设用地的转换上;社会经济发展对北京市中心城绿色空间面积演变影响显著,自然因素对绿色空间演变起到一定限制作用,政策因素对于结构性大型绿色空间的建设具有积极的推动作用。     

暴露生态学视角下绿地暴露健康效益研究进展

城市绿地与居民健康福祉密切相关,绿地暴露所带来的多重健康效益已经成为耦合城市生态与健康科学的前沿热点议题。尽管绿地健康效应的综述研究并不鲜见,但是目前仍缺乏基于统一理论框架视角下对绿地暴露健康效益的系统综述。近期提出的暴露生态学作为一个耦合"自然生态系统-生态暴露-健康效应"框架体系,能够全面剖析、归纳已有绿地暴露健康效应研究,并指引未来相关领域研究发展。因此,研究在暴露生态学研究视域下,在主体-现实,客体-现实,主体-虚拟,客体-虚拟界面下进行了研究进展的综述分析,并指出了研究截面(尺度)单一、阈值研究与虚拟(及多感官)研究不足等问题。最后提出了未来研究展望:(1)构建跨时空、多尺度的绿地暴露测度模型,并量化绿地健康之间的因果效应;(2)构建阈值模型,分析健康促进的绿地暴露主体阈值与客体阈值;(3)探索绿地特征、暴露方式和剂量、多感体验对健康的影响。研究成果可以进一步加深对相关领域前沿与不足的认识,也可以进一步促进暴露生态学理论体系的丰富和完善。     

The extent of shifts in vegetation phenology between rural and urban areas within a human‐dominated region

Urbanization is one of the major environmental challenges facing the world today. One of its particularly pressing effects is alterations to local and regional climate through, for example, the Urban Heat Island. Such changes in conditions are likely to have an impact on the phenology of urban vegetation, which will have knock‐on implications for the role that urban green infrastructure can play in delivering multiple ecosystem services. Here, in a human‐dominated region, we undertake an explicit comparison of vegetation phenology between urban and rural zones. Using satellite‐derived MODIS‐EVI data from the first decade of the 20th century, we extract metrics of vegetation phenology (date of start of growing season, date of end of growing season, and length of season) for Britain's 15 largest cities and their rural surrounds. On average, urban areas experienced a growing season 8.8 days longer than surrounding rural zones. As would be expected, there was a significant decline in growing season length with latitude (by 3.4 and 2.4 days/degree latitude in rural and urban areas respectively). Although there is considerable variability in how phenology in urban and rural areas differs across our study cities, we found no evidence that built urban form influences the start, end, or length of the growing season. However, the difference in the length of the growing season between rural and urban areas was significantly negatively associated with the mean disposable household income for a city. Vegetation in urban areas deliver many ecosystem services such as temperature mitigation, pollution removal, carbon uptake and storage, the provision of amenity value for humans and habitat for biodiversity. Given the rapid pace of urbanization and ongoing climate change, understanding how vegetation phenology will alter in the future is important if we wish to be able to manage urban greenspaces effectively.     

基于计算流体力学数值模拟的城市绿地温湿效应及室外热舒适评价研究进展

近年来随着计算机与各学科领域交叉研究的发展,计算流体力学数值模拟方法在城市环境的微气候研究方面得到较多应用,为研究绿地在有限面积内更有效地实现其降温效应提供了新的思路。回顾计算流体力学（CFD）数值模拟方法在不同尺度的城市绿地温湿效应及室外热舒适度评价研究中的应用,在此基础上,总结目前存在的问题及不足,对未来该领域的研究方向提出3点展望,以期为未来城市绿地微气候研究提供参考：1）多平台与尺度扩展研究;2）微气候特征指标的综合交叉分析;3）高适配度模拟模型的及时更新。     

Temporal changes in greenspace in a highly urbanized region

The majority of the world's population now lives in towns and cities, and urban areas are expanding faster than any other land-use type. In response to this phenomenon, two opposing arguments have emerged: whether cities should 'sprawl' into the wider countryside, or 'densify' through the development of existing urban greenspace. However, these greenspaces are increasingly recognized as being central to the amelioration of urban living conditions, supporting biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision. Taking the highly urbanized region of England as a case study, we use data from a variety of sources to investigate the impact of national-level planning policy on temporal patterns in the extent of greenspace in cities. Between 1991 and 2006, greenspace showed a net increase in all but one of 13 cities. However, the majority of this gain occurred prior to 2001, and greenspace has subsequently declined in nine cities. Such a dramatic shift in land use coincides with policy reforms in 2000, which favoured densification. Here, we illustrate the dynamic and policy-responsive nature of urban land use, thereby highlighting the need for a detailed investigation of the trade-offs associated with different mechanisms of urban densification to optimize and secure the diverse benefits associated with greenspaces.     

喀斯特山地城市内山体绿地对城市热岛的减温效应——以安顺市西秀区为例

山体绿地是喀斯特山地城市内典型的城市绿地景观类型,其对于改善城市生态环境、提升喀斯特山地城市生态服务功能具有重要作用.以黔中典型喀斯特山地城市安顺市为研究对象,运用2011年和2016年两期热红外遥感影像和城市景观结构空间数据,在反演分析城市热岛效应及其强度时空分布特征的基础上,运用冷热点分析剖析了山体绿地与城市热岛效...