Increased resorptions in CBA mice exposed to low-frequency magnetic fields: An attempt to replicate earlier observations

This paper has two aims. First, it reports the findings of a study on the effects of low-frequency magnetic fields on reproduction. Second, it serves as an example of an attempt to replicate the results of an experimental study in an independent laboratory and discusses some of the problems of replication studies. To try to replicate the findings of a study reporting increased resorptions (fetal loss) in mice exposed to 20 kHz magnetic fields with sawtooth waveform and to study the possible effects of 50 Hz sinusoidal fields, pregnant mice were exposed to magnetic fields from day 0 to 18 of pregnancy, 24 h per day. The flux densities of the vertical magnetic fields were 15 μT (peak-to-peak) at 20 kHz and 13 or 130 μT (root mean square) at 50 Hz. Two strains of animals were used: CBA/S mice imported from the laboratory reporting the original observations, and a closely related strain CBA/Ca. The CBA/S mice were cleaned of pathogenic microbes and parasites before they were imported into our laboratory. The magnetic field exposures did not affect resorption rate in CBA/Ca mice. In CBA/S, the frequency of resorptions was higher in the exposed mice than in the control group. However, the increase was not significantly different from either the no-effect hypothesis or the results of the original study we were attempting to replicate. Differences between the two studies and difficulties in interpreting the results are discussed. It is concluded that the results tend more to support than argue against increased resorptions in CBA/S mice exposed to the 20 kHz magnetic field. The results demonstrate that animal strain is an important variable in bioelectromagnetics research: even closely related strains may show different responses to magnetic field exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 18:410–417, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Natural very-low-frequency sferics and headache

Very-low-frequency (VLF) atmospherics or sferics are pulse-shaped alternating electric and magnetic fields which originate from atmospheric discharges (lightning). The objective of the study was threefold: (i) to analyse numerous parameters characterizing the sferics activity with regard to their suitability for field studies, (ii) to identify meteorological processes related to the sferics activity and (iii) to investigate the possible association of sferics with pain processes in patients suffering from migraine- and tension-type headaches. Over a period of 6 months (July through December) the sferics activity in the area of Giessen (Germany) was recorded. Three sferics parameters were chosen. The number of sferics impulses per day, the variability of the impulse rate during a day and the variability in comparison to the preceding day were correlated with weather processes (thunderstorm, temperature, vapour pressure, barometric pressure, humidity, wind velocity, warm sector). Significant correlations were obtained during the summer months (July, August) but not during the autumn months (October, November, December). During autumn, however, the sferics activity was correlated with the occurrence of migraine-type headaches (r=0.33, P<0.01) recorded by 37 women who had filled out a headache diary over a period of 6 months (July–December). While the thunderstorm activity was very intense during July and August, no relationship between sferics and migraine was found. In summer, tension-type headaches were associated with meteorological parameters such as temperature (r=0.42, P<0.01) and vapour pressure (r=0.28, P<0.05). Although the sferics activity can explain a small percentage of the variation in migraine occurrence, a direct influence was more likely exerted by visible or otherwise perceptible weather conditions (thunderstorms, humidity, vapour pressure, warm sector, etc.) than by the sferics activity itself. Received: 9 January 2001 / Revised: 1 May 2001 / Accepted: 9 May 2001     

Spectral analysis of magnetic fields from domestic appliances and corresponding induced current densities in an anatomically based model of the human head

Magnetic fields emitted by electric appliances such as razors, hair dryers, and drills were measured in the frequency domain. Results show the presence of high-frequency components (up to 96 kHz for razors, up to 3.4 kHz for hair dryers, and up to 8.6 kHz for drills) in the harmonic content of the fields. The measured fields were used to calculate the induced current densities in an anatomically based model of the human head (resolution 1.31 cm) by using the impedance method. The harmonic field contribution to the current density was higher than that from the carrier frequency for all the tested appliances. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effects of low-frequency magnetic fields on fetal development in rats

We studied effects of alternating magnetic fields on the embryonic and fetal development of rats. Mated females of the Han:Wistar-strain were sham exposed or exposed continuously to a 50-Hz field or to a 20,000 pulse-per-second (pps) sawtooth magnetic field from day 0 to day 20 of pregnancy for 24 h/day until necropsied on day 20. The respective peak-to-peak intensities of the fields were 35.6 μT (sinewave) and 15.0 μT (sawtooth). Each treatment group contained 72 bred females. Control animals were kept under the same conditions without the magnetic field. No adverse effects were seen in the dams. The mean numbers of implantations and living fetuses per litter were statistically significantly increased in the 50-Hz group. There were, however, three total resorptions of litters in dams of the control group, which contributed to the difference in the number of living fetuses. The corrected body-mass gains (gains without uterine content) of dams were similar in all groups. Pregnancy rates, incidences of resorptions. late fetal deaths, and fetal body masses were similar in all groups. The incidence of fetuses with minor skeletal anomalies was statistically significantly increased in both exposed groups. Only one serious malformation (anophthalmia, sawtooth-exposed group) and a few minor visceral malformations were found. In conclusion, the magnetic fields used in this study did not increase the incidence of major malformations or resorptions in Wistar rats. The increased number of skeletal anomalies and implantations we observed indicates, however, that some developmental effects in rats may attend exposure to time-varying magnetic fields. © 1993 Wiley-Liss. Inc.     

Magnetic fields produced by hand held hair dryers, stereo headsets, home sewing machines, and electric clocks.

A recent epidemiologic study reported associations between leukemia risk in children and their personal use of television (TV) sets, hair dryers, and stereo headsets, and the prenatal use by their mothers of sewing machines. To provide exposure data to aid in the interpretation of these findings, extremely and very low frequency (ELF and VLF) magnetic fields produced by a sample of each type of appliance were characterized in a field study of volunteers conducted in Washington DC and its Maryland suburbs. Questionnaire data regarding children's or mothers' patterns of usage of each type of appliance were also collected. ELF magnetic fields measured 10 cm from the nozzles of hair dryers were elevated over the ambient by a mean factor of 17 when these devices were in use. Fields near headsets being used to listen to music were not distinguishable from ambient levels except at frequencies below and well above 60 Hz and, even then, field levels were < 0.01 microT. Home sewing machines produced ELF magnetic fields that were elevated by a factor of 2.8 over ambient levels at the front surfaces of the lower abdomens of mothers. Estimated mean daily times of usage of hair dryers, stereo headsets, and sewing machines were 2.6, 19, and 17 minutes, respectively. These data and previously published data on TV sets, do not provide a consistent picture of increased (or decreased) leukemia risk in relation to increasing peak or time weighted average (TWA) ELF magnetic field exposure. The data could, however, conceivably be compatible with some more complex biophysical model with unknown properties. Overall, the results of this study provide little evidence supporting the hypothesis that peak or TWA ELF magnetic fields produced by appliances are causally related to the risk of childhood leukemia in children.     

中红侧沟茧蜂雌蜂输卵管萼中病毒样纤丝的特征和功能

中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator雌蜂输卵管萼中有一种病毒样纤丝（virus-like filaments, VLFs）。在蜂卵从卵巢管通过输卵管萼产出的过程中,VLF包裹在蜂卵的表面,随蜂卵进入寄主体内。透射电镜显示,VLF中心是电子致密物质,外有单层膜包被,直径约35 nm。负染技术表明,VLF是具有左螺旋结构的纤丝,负染时的直径约25 nm。不含VLF的蜂卵进入3龄初寄主后,全部被寄主血细胞包囊;含有VLF的蜂卵进入同样的寄主后,88.2%受到保护。VLF对蜂卵的保护作用在不同发育期的寄主中不同,在3龄初的粘虫体内,平均有64.7%的初产卵不被包囊,而在4龄初的粘虫体内,只有9.5%的初产卵受到保护。这一结果说明,VLF只能为蜂卵提供部分的保护作用,需配合其它寄生蜂因子（萼液、蜂毒等）共同作用于寄主的免疫系统。     

Sublethal effect of a weak intermittent magnetic field on the development of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) tadpoles

In three repeated experiments with three different litters of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) tadpoles, three cohorts were reared in an aquarium under the "saw-tooth" magnetic field produced by a television set. Their maturation times are compared with those of three corresponding control cohorts grown in an unexposed aquarium. In the exposed aquarium, the magnetic field amplitude was less than 25 T and the frequency in the extremely-low-frequency and very-low-frequency wavebands. Neither the exposed nor the unexposed cohorts suffered significant mortality and malformations. However, the exposed tadpoles took about 5 days more than the unexposed ones to reach metamorphosis. The differences in mean maturation times between the exposed and control cohorts were extremely significant (P < 0.001). The results show that a biological population can suffer a sublethal effect when exposed to the magnetic field of a TV set for a long time in the course of juvenile life stages, and that this effect can consist of a delay in reaching the adult stage.     

Take-off activity in caged desert locusts,Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orthoptera,Acrididae) in relation to meteorological disturbances

Take-off activity of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.), phasegregaria, was studied in a temperature-controlled laboratory environment and possible relationships with certain meteorological factors were analysed. A statistically significant relationship between the passage of cold fronts and an increased take-off rate was found. The reaction of the locusts could not be correlated to changes in VLF electromagnetic radiation or to the atmospheric pressure.