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1.
The excavations at Christ Church, Spitalfields (1984-86) produced a sample of 968 human skeletons which were interred between 1729 and 1859. Of these, 387 were recovered in association with coffin plates stating name, age at death, and date of death. There are 138 adult females in the named sample and the obstetric histories of 94 have been reconstructed from historical documentation. Such variables as birth spacing, number of children, and age at first and last births are known for the majority of this sample. Any individual about whose history there is any doubt has been excluded from the analysis. A middle-class group, they were largely of high nutritional status and, by the standards of the day, lived in sanitary and comfortable conditions. Both males and females have a mean age at death of 56 years. The presence or absence, the typology, the severity, the width and the length of the preauricular sulcus, the presence or absence and the number of pits on the dorsal aspect of the pubic body, sulci along the anterior sacrum adjacent to the auricular facet, and the extension of the pubic tubercle were evaluated in relation to the obstetric histories of these females. Statistical analysis has demonstrated a relationship between the presence of pubic tubercle extension and parity status and between the degree of extension and the number of children borne (P < .02). Statistically there is no significant relationship (P > .05) between either the preauricular sulcus or pubic pitting and parity status. Sacral scarring is significantly associated (P < .05) with parity status, but as it was evident in only eight females it has little practical application. Sample sizes are small, and it must be considered that statistical evaluation of larger samples might detect associations between variables not demonstrated here. There is no significant relationship between any of the cortical variants under consideration and age at death. 相似文献
2.
C. Adams Holt 《American journal of physical anthropology》1978,49(1):91-94
Pits, cavities and depressions located on the dorsal surface of the pubic symphysis of females have been attributed to the trauma of parturition. Earlier research based on human skeletal remains provides inadequate information on the individual's obstetrical history. The 68 female pubic bones that were studied had comprehensive medical records indicating whether or not each female had given birth. Fourteen and one-half percent of the females who had not given birth exhibited trace to small scarring of the pubic symphysis and 23.4% of the females who had not given birth exhibited medium to large scarring. It is suggested that bony changes previously used as an indicator of child bearing must be re-examined in light of the fact that “birth scarring” has been found in women known not to have had children. 相似文献
3.
Abstract: The exceptionally preserved hyolithids Gompholites striatulus , Maxilites robustus , Maxilites snajdri and Maxilites sp. are described with particular emphasis on helen and muscle scar morphology. These two aspects of hyolithid morphology have remained controversial. In life position, each helen curved ventrally. When the operculum closed the aperture of the conch, each helen was locked at the commissure slit with its dorsal edge tilted forward. Inside the conch, it was held in the dorsal apertural plane and clear of the inner surface of the operculum. Previously unidentified muscle scars are described from both the operculum and the conch. Dorsal scars on the conch aperture held muscles directed to the operculum. Comparative study of the muscle insertion pattern indicates that hyolithids did not have serially arranged muscles and that all hyolithids may have had a common skeleto-muscular system. The arrangement of the muscle scars with respect to the helens suggests that the latter were capable of relatively complex movements and could have been used to propel the organism over the substrate. The general morphology and orientation of the helens suggests that in addition they functioned to stabilize the organism on the sea-floor. 相似文献
4.
5.
《Journal of liposome research》2013,23(4):270-278
The aim of this study was to design and optimize a transdermal liposomes gel formulation for paeonol (PAE). A three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design was used to derive a second-order polynomial equation to construct three-dimensional (3-D) contour plots for prediction of responses. Independent variables studied were the DC-Chol concentration (X1), molar ratio of lipid/drug (X2), and the polymer concentration (X3), and the levels of each factor were low, medium, and high. The dependent variables studied were the encapsulation efficiency (%EE) of PAE (Y1), flux of PAE (Y2), and viscosity of the gels (Y3). Response surface plots were drawn and statistical validity of the polynomials was established to find the compositions of optimized formulation, which was evaluated using the Franz diffusion cell. The %EE of PAE increased proportionally with the molar ratio of lipid/drug, but decreased with polymer concentration, whereas the flux of PAE increased proportionally with polymer concentration and the DC-Chol concentration. The viscosity of gels increased with the polymer concentration. Gels showed a non-Fickian diffusion release mechanism for PAE, and the in vitro release profiles were fit for Higuchi’s order model. The design demonstrated the role of the derived polynomial equation and 3-D contour plots in predicting the values of dependent variables for the preparation and optimization of gel formulation for transdermal drug release. 相似文献
6.
Martijn J. A. Weterings Sanne Losekoot Henry J. Kuipers Herbert H. T. Prins Frank van Langevelde Sipke E. van Wieren 《Ecology and evolution》2022,12(1)
- We assessed the hypothesized negative correlation between the influence of multiple predators and body condition and fecundity of the European hare, from 13 areas in the Netherlands.
- Year‐round abundance of predators was estimated by hunters. We quantified predator influence as the sum of their field metabolic rates, as this sum reflects the daily food requirements of multiple individuals. We determined the ratio between body mass and hindfoot length of hares as an index of body condition and the weight of their adrenal gland as a measure of chronic exposure to stress, and we counted the number of placental scars to estimate fecundity of hares.
- As hypothesized, we found that the sum of field metabolic rate of predators was negatively correlated with body condition and the number of placental scars, whereas it was positively related to the weight of the adrenal glands. In contrast to the sum of the field metabolic rate, the total number of predators did not or weakly affect the investigated risk responses.
- The sum of the field metabolic rate can be a useful proxy for the influence of multiple predators and takes into account predator abundance, type, body weight, and food requirements of multiple predators.
- With our findings, our paper contributes to a better understanding of the risk effects of multiple predators on prey fitness. Additionally, we identify a potential contributor to the decline of European hare populations.
7.
Investigation of optical attenuation imaging using optical coherence tomography for monitoring of scars undergoing fractional laser treatment 下载免费PDF全文
Shaghayegh Es'haghian Peijun Gong Lixin Chin Karl‐Anton Harms Alexandra Murray Suzanne Rea Brendan F. Kennedy Fiona M. Wood David D. Sampson Robert A. McLaughlin 《Journal of biophotonics》2017,10(4):511-522
We demonstrate the use of the near‐infrared attenuation coefficient, measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT), in longitudinal assessment of hypertrophic burn scars undergoing fractional laser treatment. The measurement method incorporates blood vessel detection by speckle decorrelation and masking, and a robust regression estimator to produce 2D en face parametric images of the attenuation coefficient of the dermis. Through reliable co‐location of the field of view across pre‐ and post‐treatment imaging sessions, the study was able to quantify changes in the attenuation coefficient of the dermis over a period of ~20 weeks in seven patients. Minimal variation was observed in the mean attenuation coefficient of normal skin and control (untreated) mature scars, as expected. However, a significant decrease (13 ± 5%, mean ± standard deviation) was observed in the treated mature scars, resulting in a greater distinction from normal skin in response to localized damage from the laser treatment. By contrast, we observed an increase in the mean attenuation coefficient of treated (31 ± 27%) and control (27 ± 20%) immature scars, with numerical values incrementally approaching normal skin as the healing progressed. This pilot study supports conducting a more extensive investigation of OCT attenuation imaging for quantitative longitudinal monitoring of scars.
8.
9.
N C Lovell 《American journal of physical anthropology》1989,79(1):117-120
Pubic bone morphology was examined to test the accuracy of Phenice's visual method for determining sex from the os pubis. Twelve participants scored 50 pubic bones from individuals of known sex aged 52-92 years. The sample is of modern males and females, all presumed whites. An accuracy of approximately 83% in determining sex was recorded, compared to 95% reported by Phenice. This accuracy difference may reflect different age distributions of the two samples. Through replication of test results on two series of 25 specimens, the technique was found to be reliable. Previous experiences in human osteological analysis was shown to have no effect on accuracy in this test, confirming Phenice's assertion that the technique does not require extensive experience to yield accurate results. Results suggest that there is a moderate negative correlation between accuracy in determining the sex of an individual and that individual's age. 相似文献
10.
Veridiano AM Garcia EA Pinheiro MC Nishimori FY Toledo OM Joazeiro PP 《Cell and tissue research》2007,330(1):161-167
Marked changes in mice pubic symphysis occur by the end of pregnancy. Tissue remodeling involves a dynamic balance between
cell proliferation and programmed cell death as well as changes in the extracellular matrix components. Therefore, it is important
to consider both of these cellular behaviors when investigating the mechanism that regulates interpubic tissue remodeling,
growth during late pregnancy and partus ensuring involution during the postpartum period. Proliferating and programmed death
cells were identified by immunohistochemistry (proliferating cell nuclear antigen and TUNEL detection, respectively) and the
rates at which these processes occurred were determined by morphometric analysis. The results demonstrated that cellular proliferation
was intense during the period of ligament formation, from D15 to D18, thereafter abruptly declining on D19. From parturition
(D19) onwards, an ever-increasing decline in the cellular proliferation levels could be observed. The quantitative analyses
of cellular death showed opposite results when compared to cellular proliferation. During early pregnancy the cycle of cellular
renovation was clearly proliferative and during late mouse pregnancy the cycle was directed by programmed cellular death.
Although the high levels of cellular death during postpartum involution could be shown by the TUNEL-positive cells, we were
unable to observed picnotic nucleus at the light microscopy. 相似文献