脯氨酸在小麦愈伤组织培养中的作用初探

本文初步研究了脯氨酸在小麦愈伤组织培养中的作用。结果初步表明,小麦愈伤组织能主动吸收培养基中的脯氨酸,并在组织内累积、转化;并且,脯氨酸能刺激小麦愈伤组织苯丙氨酸氨解酶活性,促进苯丙烷类代谢,在愈伤组织中形成导管系统,有利于长期继代培养。     

低温与GA_3诱导菠萝黑心病的生理机制

菠萝黑心病是PPO催化氧化酚类物质形成褐色产物所致。低温或GA_3处理提高了PPO活性及其底物——儿茶酚、绿原酸和咖啡酸的含量,也导致了PAL活性增加;低温还使乙烯释放率增大。这些变化均有利于黑心病的发生和发展。     

Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase by 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid and other phenylalanine analogues

The conformationally restricted phenylalanine analogue 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP) inhibits phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) competitively in a time-dependent manner. This phenomenon was investigated in more detail with the heterologously expressed, highly purified homotetrameric PAL-1 isozyme from parsley. The kinetic analysis revealed that the enzyme-inhibitor complex is formed in a single "slow" step with an association rate of k(2)=2.6+/-0.04 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). The inhibition is reversible with a dissociation rate of k(-2)=1.8+/-0.04 10(-4) s(-1) and an equilibrium constant of K(i)=7+/-2 nM. The previously described PAL inhibitor (S)-2-aminooxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid [(S)-AOPP] was also found to be a slow-binding inhibitor of PAL-1. The carboxyl analogue of AIP, 2-aminoindan-2-carboxylic acid, served as a substrate of PAL-1 and was converted to indene-2-carboxylic acid.     

Secondary wall deposition in tracheary elements of cucumber grown in vitro

It is a matter of controversy whether secondary wall deposition is dependent on lignification during the development of tracheary elements. To understand this, tracheary element differentiation was studied in the homogeneous calli obtained from the cotyledonary explants of Cucumis sativus subsequent to treatment with plant growth regulators, such as naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and benzylamino purine (BAP), which are necessary for the induction of tracheary elements, along with metabolic blockers such as 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and nifedipine. Calli treated with AIP, a potential inhibitor of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), have no PAL activity at any time during the culture period. There was a complete inhibition of lignification although secondary wall deposition was unaltered. Similar results were obtained using TIBA, an inhibitor of auxin transport, and nifedipine, a known calcium channel blocker. Thus the present study suggests that secondary wall deposition in the course of tracheary element differentiation need not to be dependent on lignification. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ap-let neurons--a peptidergic circuit potentially controlling ecdysial behavior in Drosophila

Here we describe a novel set of peptidergic neurons conserved throughout all developmental stages in the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS). We show that a small complement of 28 apterous-expressing cells (Ap-let neurons) in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of Drosophila larvae co-express numerous gene products. The products include the neuroendocrine-specific bHLH regulator called Dimmed (Dimm), four neuropeptide biosynthetic enzymes (PC2, Fur1, PAL2, and PHM), and a specific dopamine receptor subtype (dDA1). For the PC2, Fur1, and PAL2 enzymes, and for the dDA1 receptor, this neuronal pattern represents the vast majority of their total expression in the VNC. In addition, while Dimm and PHM are present in the peritracheal Inka cells in larvae, pupae, and adults, Ap, PC2, Fur1, PAL2, and dDA1 are not. PC2, PAL2, and DA1 receptor expression were all controlled by both dimm and ap. Previous genetic analysis of animals deficient in PC2 revealed an abnormal larval ecdysis phenotype. Together, these data support the hypothesis that the small cohort of Ap-let interneurons regulates larval ecdysis behavior by secretion of an unidentified amidated peptide(s). This hypothesis further predicts that the production of the Ap-let neuropeptide(s) is dependent on each of four specific enzymes, and that a certain aspect(s) of its production and/or release is regulated by dopamine input.     

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cell wall peroxidase are cooperatively involved in the extensive formation of ferulate network in cell walls of developing rice shoots

The relationship between the formation of cell wall-bound ferulic acid (FA) and diferulic acid (DFA) and the change in activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cell wall-bound peroxidase (CW-PRX) was studied in rice shoots. The length and the fresh mass of shoots increased during the growth period from day 4 to 6, while coleoptiles ceased elongation growth on day 5. The amounts of FA and DFA isomers as well as cell wall polysaccharides continued to increase during the whole period. The activities of PAL and CW-PRX greatly increased in the same manner during the period. There were close correlations between the PAL activity and ferulate content or between the CW-PRX activity and DFA content. The expression levels of investigated genes for PAL and putative CW-PRX showed good accordance with the activities of these enzymes. These results suggest that increases in PAL and CW-PRX activities are cooperatively involved in the formation of ferulate network in cell walls of rice shoots and that investigated genes may be, at least in part, associated with the enzyme activities. The substantial increase in such network probably causes the maturation of cell walls and thus the cessation of elongation growth of coleoptiles.     

不同叶色红栌叶片中色素含量、酶活性及内含物差异的研究

为明确秋季不同叶色美国红栌叶片的生理差异,以秋季同一植株上红色、中间色、绿色三种颜色的美国红栌叶片为试材,测定了叶片中色素物质含量、酶活性以及叶片可溶性内含物的含量,结果表明：在红色叶片中,叶绿素含量较低,PAL、POD酶活性较高,花青素苷/叶绿素的比值较大,从而使叶色显现红色;而在绿色叶片中,叶绿素含量较高,PAL、POD酶活性较小,花青素苷/叶绿素的比值较低,叶片显现绿色。通过可溶性内含物测定可知,在红色叶片中的可溶性糖和蛋白质含量相对较高,均与花青素苷/叶绿素的比值达到显著相关水平,表明这些内含物的积累有利于花色素苷的合成。     

百合鳞茎苯丙氨酸解氨酶提取条件的优化

研究兰州百合(Lilium davidii var. unicolor)鳞茎内PAL的最佳提取条件结果表明：pH 8.8的硼砂缓冲液为最适缓冲液;百合鳞茎的PAL不耐酸碱,更不耐酸;最适反应温度为40℃;随着水浴时间延长和水浴温度提高,PAL活性逐渐降低,但40℃水浴30 min后,酶活性仍保留47%;最适底物浓度为0.032 mol·L^-1;磨样时加入PVP 0.5 g,能够明显提高PAL活性。     

硅处理对甜瓜采后POD、PAL和呼吸强度的影响

以厚皮甜瓜玉金香作为实验材料,研究硅处理对甜瓜玉金香采后POD、PAL活性和呼吸强度的影响。实验表明:(1)不同硅剂处理对甜瓜玉金香的伤害差异很大,纳米硅对甜瓜玉金香不造成任何伤害;正硅酸乙酯即使在很低的浓度下(25mmol·L-1),也能造成产品严重伤害;硅酸钠在100mmol·L-1时可造成轻度的易恢复性伤害。(2)100mmol·L-1硅酸钠处理能显著提高甜瓜玉金香POD和PAL的活性,降低其呼吸强度。(3)200mmol·L-1纳米硅处理能降低甜瓜玉金香的呼吸强度,而对POD和PAL的活性无影响。(4)纳米氧化硅和硅酸钠处理后可明显提高表皮硅含量,且气孔部位硅含量有一个高峰;剖面接近表皮部位,硅含量也有一个高峰。