白花罗勒(Ocimum basilium L.)盾状腺毛分泌过程的超微结构研究

白花罗勒成熟的盾状腺毛头部细胞中 ,质体含量丰富 ,体积较大 ,其中有大量的嗜锇物质积累 ;在分泌过程中 ,分泌细胞出现质壁分离现象 ;嗜锇物质向外分泌的途径有两条 :一条是以胞吐的方式 ,另一条是以渗透的方式     

Solar irradiance level alters the growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and its content of volatile oils

The experiments were commenced in March 2003 and repeated in June 2003 at Sutton Bonington Campus, the University of Nottingham, UK, to investigate the effect of irradiance on plant growth and volatile oil content and composition in plants of basil. Four levels of irradiance were provided in the glasshouse, i.e. no shade (control), 25, 50 and 75% glasshouse irradiance. It suggested that basil grows well in full sun, however it can tolerate light shade. Heavy shading (75%) to provide a light integral of 5.3 moles m⁻² d⁻¹ resulted in shorter plants, lower weight, smaller leaf area, less shoots and higher specific leaf area, and also strongly reduced the rate of photosynthesis. There was no difference in CO₂ assimilation rate between 24.9 moles m⁻² d⁻¹ light integrals (no shading) and 13.5 moles m⁻² d⁻¹ light integrals (25% shading). Shading effectively reduced leaf temperature when air temperature was less than 30 °C, but heavy shading (75%) could not reduce leaf temperature when air temperature was above 36 °C due to a limitation of free air convection. Consequently, leaf temperature increased. Heavy shading strongly reduced total volatile oil content in fresh leaves, especially in older plants (shading treatment applied at the 3 leaf-pair growth stage). There were three chemical compounds in basil leaves, namely linalool, eugenol and methyl eugenol, influenced by the shading treatments. Linalool and eugenol, which contribute to the characteristic taste of basil, were significantly increased by high daily light integrals, whereas methyleugenol was increased by lower daily light integrals. No differences in the relative content of 1,8-cineole, one of the key aromatic compounds of Ocimum species, were observed.     

Antifungal and physicochemical properties of Ocimum essential oil loaded in poly(lactic acid) nanofibers

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibres containing different proportions of the essential oils from Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. were prepared by solution blow spinning method. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography. MEV, contact angle, DSC and FTIR were used to characterize the nanofibres. The effect of bioative nanofibres on the growth of the fungus and on the production of ochratoxin A were evaluated using the fumigation test. Linalool, 1·8-cineole and camphor were the principal components of the essential oil from O. basilicum, and eugenol was the principal constituent in the oil from O. gratissimum. An increase in the average diameter of the nanofibres was observed with the addition of the essential oils. The essential oils acted as a plasticizer, resulting in a reduction in the crystallinity of the PLA. The encapsulation of essential oils in PLA nanofibres was verified by FTIR. An effective antifungal and antimicotoxygenic activity against Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus westerdjikiae was observed for the bioative nanofibres. These results confirm the potential of PLA nanofibres containing the essential oils for the control of toxigenic fungi that cause the deterioration of food and are harmful to human health.     

First Report of Peronospora belbahrii on Sweet Basil in Baja California Sur,México

In Baja California Sur, Mexico, a foliar disease occurred on sweet basil which seriously affected its quality and yield. The most common symptoms were yellowing and necrosis on leaves, caused by a downy mycelium growth on the lower leaf surface. Symptomatic leaves from two sampling sites were collected for morphological studies and molecular analysis of pathogen DNA. Based on morphological characteristics (sporangiophore size of 240–530 × 7–11 μm, branches of 5–8 order and a sporangia size of 27–31 × 21–25 μm) and molecular analysis (the GenBank blast of the PCR assays showed unique rDNA sequence data with 99% similarity to P. belbahrii), the pathogen was identified as Peronospora belbahrii, the causal agent of basil downy mildew. This is the first report of P. belbahrii affecting sweet basil in Mexico.     

Anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidant effect and cytotoxicity of ocimum sanctum intra oral gel for combating periodontal diseases

It is of interest to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant effect and cytotoxicity of Ocimum sanctum (an Indian herb, Thulsi) intra oral gel in combating periodontal diseases. Hence, 2% of O. sanctum gel was prepared with Carbopol940 soaked in purified water containing 0.2% w/v sodium benzoate overnight. Hydroxy proplyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) solution was mixed with propylene glycol using using tissue homogenizer. Anti-oxidant effect was analyzed using DPPH radical assay and anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using the inhibition of albumin denaturation assay. Ocimum sanctum gel with various dilutions from10 micro litres to 50 micro litres showed exponential increase in percentage of inhibition from 60.9 to 72.2 exhibiting antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory effect of Ocimum sanctum gel showed comparatively equivalent effect with standard diclofenac gel with values ranging from 76.6 for 50 micro liters of Ocimum sanctum gel and 89.6 for standard gel at 50 micro liters. Ocimum sanctum showed less toxicity towards brine shrimp nauplii. Thus we show that Ocimum sanctum gel showed potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect and less toxic to brine shrimp nauplii as a promising agent for the treatment of periodontal diseases.     

Change in Chemical Composition of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Essential Oil Caused by Alfalfa mosaic virus

The effects of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) infection on essential oil (EO) content and composition of a Sweet Basil cv. Gigante di Napoli were evaluated. A 10‐fold lower extraction yield from infected plants was observed, suggesting that morphological alterations induced by the disease may affect abundance and efficacy of secretive tissues. Organoleptic properties and thus quality of EO were severely affected and EO composition resulted severely altered, with a great increase in sesquiterpenes (from 72.8 to 19.8%) and a decrease in both monoterpenes (from 35 to 11%) and phenylpropanoids (from 44.5 to 15.8%, despite a slight increase in eugenol). Such report is indicative of possible direct or indirect metabolic consequences of AMV in a commercially important species like Ocimum basilicum is. The possible consequences of linalool and trans‐β‐farnesene content changes on the dispersion of viruliferous aphids are also examined and discussed.     

The antidepressant-like effect of Ocimum basilicum in an animal model of depression

We investigated the efficacy of Ocimum basilicum (OB) essential oils for treating depression related behavioral, biochemical and histopathological changes caused by exposure to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in mice and to explore the mechanism underlying the pathology. Male albino mice were divided into four groups: controls; CUMS; CUMS plus fluoxetine, the antidepressant administered for pharmacological validation of OB; and CUMS plus OB. Behavioral tests included the forced swim test (FST), elevated plus-maze (EPM) and the open ?eld test (OFT); these tests were performed at the end of the experiment. We assessed serum corticosterone level, protein, gene and immunoexpression of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) as well as immunoexpression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ki67, caspase-3 in the hippocampus. CUMS caused depression in the mice as evidenced by prolonged immobility in the FST, prolonged time spent in the open arms during the EPM test and reduction of open field activity in the OFT. OB ameliorated the CUMS induced depressive status. OB significantly reduced the corticosterone level and up-regulated protein and gene expressions of BDNF and GR. OB reduced CUMS induced hippocampal neuron atrophy and apoptosis, and increased the number of the astrocytes and new nerve cells. OB significantly increased GFAP-positive cells as well as BDNF and GR immunoexpression in the hippocampus.     

Toxic and deterrent effects of two volatile oils against cowpea weevil,Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The fumigant effect of Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum oils and their mixture against adults and eggs of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) was evaluated. Bioassay experiments showed that Ocimum basilicum oil was significantly effective against adult and egg stage which was the least effective. However, in the fumigant toxicity experiments against adult stage, Ocimum basilicum oil at a dose of 1.0 μl/38.5 ml air caused 100% mortality (LC₅₀ = 1.88), the mixture of both oils at a dose of 6.0 μl/38.5 ml air caused 100% mortality (LC₅₀ = 10.3) and Mentha piperita oil at a dose of 80.0 μl/38.5 ml air caused 80.0% mortality (LC₅₀ = 41.224) during a one day exposure period. Regarding the oviposition deterrent activity, Ocimum basilicum oil achieved 100% oviposition deterrent (at a dose of 0.5 μl/38.5 ml air) followed by the mixture of Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum oils, which achieved 71.22% oviposition deterrent (at a dose of 1.0 μl/38.5 ml air) and Mentha piperita oil, which achieved 39.6% oviposition deterrent (at a dose of 5.0 μl/38.5 ml air). The essential oils and their mixtures studied here determined a significant decrease in the number of eggs hatched and in the emergence of adults. The eggs failed to hatch on using Ocimum basilicum oil at a dose of 0.6 μl/38.5 ml air. However, the number of eggs hatched decreased to 7.4 on using a mixture of oils at a dose of 2.0 μl/38.5 ml air and 14.0 with Mentha piperita oil at a dose of 80.0 μl/38.5 ml air compared with 25.0 eggs hatched in the control experiments. On the other hand, the percentage reduction in emerging adults were 100% for Ocimum basilicum oil, 90.9% for a mixture of the two oils and 72.7% for Mentha piperita oil. Results showed that Ocimum basilicum oil and Ocimum basilicum oils plus Mentha piperita oils in blend are potential alternatives to synthetic fumigants in the treatment of durable agricultural products. Successful adoption of plant oils in the protection of food commodities promises an eco-friendly option compatible with international biosafety regulations.     

An in vitro study of Ocimum sanctum as a chemotherapeutic agent on oral cancer cell-line

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most commom cancer in the world. If remain untreated for several years, it may be fatal. Hence, it is important to prevent and treat OSCC at an early stage. In this study the effect of aqueous and dry leaves extract of Ocimum sanctum was observed on Ca9-22 cell line, which is an OSCC cell line. For this, Ca9-22 cell line was cultured and maintained. After 24 h, the cells were treated with aqueous and dry leaves extract of Ocimum sanctum plant. Viability of the cancerous cells were studied by 3-(4, 5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and neutral red uptake (NRU) assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), lethal concentration₂₅ (LC₂₅), lethal concentration₅₀ (LC₅₀) and highest permissive concentration (HPC) was calculated by probit computational method. Experimentally, the MIC value was 5 mg/L, whereas the HPC was 30 mg/L of the plant extract in aqueous state. For the dry extract the MIC was 5 mg/L whereas the HPC was 35 mg/L for both MTT and NRU assays. For MTT assay LC values: 7.41 (LC₂₅), 14.79 (LC₅₀) and 26.91 mg/L (LC₇₅) for aqueous extract and 12.58 (LC₂₅), 20.89 (LC₅₀), 29.51 mg/L (LC₇₅) for dry extract. For NRU assay LC values were 10.23 (LC₂₅), 14.79 (LC₅₀) and 20.89 mg/L (LC₇₅) aqueous extract, and 16.59 (LC₂₅), 23.44 (LC₅₀), 30.19 mg/L (LC₇₅) dry extract of the plant. From the above study it was concluded that, Ocimum sanctum have anti-cancerous activity. It can further be used for therapeutic purposes.     

毛叶丁香罗勒精油的化学成分分析

西双版纳引种栽培的毛叶丁香罗勒精油用Finnigan-4510型毛细管色谱/质谱/计算机联用方法进行了化学成分分析,共分离了26个成分,鉴定了其中的16个成分,占全精油含量的98.5％。主要成分是:丁香酚(80.33％);罗勒烯(12.80％);β-毕橙茄烯(4.24％)。