Effect of Hillslope Gradient on Vegetation Recovery on Abandoned Land of Shifting Cultivation in Hainan Island, South China

In the present study, we investigated the effect of hillslope gradient on vegetation recovery on abandoned land of shifting cultivation In Hainan Island, south China, by measuring community composition and structure of 25-year-old secondary forest fallows along a hillslope gradient （up-, middle-, and down-slope position）. A total of 49 733 free-standing woody plant stems higher than 10 cm and belonging to 170 species, 112 genera, and 57 families was found in the three l-hm2 investigation plots. Stem density was highest in the down-slope stand and lowest in the up-slope stand. Species richness and the Shannon-Wiener Index were both highest in the middle-slope stand, and lower In the down-slope and up-slope stands. The recovery forest fallows on different hiUslope positions were all dominated by a few species. The five most abundant species accounted for 70.1%, 58.8%, and 72.9% of total stem densities in stands in the up-, middle-, and down-slope positions, respectively. The five species with the greatest basal areas accounted for 74.5%, 84.3%, and 74.7% of total stem basal area for the up-, middle-, and down-slope positions, respectively. The number of low-density species （stem abundance less than five） Increased from the up-slope position downward. Of the nine local common species among three different functional groups, the short-lived pioneer species dominated the up-slope position, but long-lived pioneer species dominated the middle- and down-slope positions. The climax species of primary tropical lowland rain forest was found in the downslope position. Both the mean diameter at breast height （DBH） and mean height of the trees Increased with decreasing hillslope gradient. The stem density and basal area in different size classes were significantly different in stands In different slope positions. Our results indicated that the rate of secondary succession varies, even over small spatial scales caused by the hlllslope gradient, in early vegetation recovery.     

Species composition and correlation of understory woody plants in Chinese fir plantation in the lower subtropical area

There are 71 species in the shrub layer of the Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation after natural succession. The species richness and diversity have increased with slight anthropogenic disturbance. The status and function of understory woody species were judged by the analysis of the important value (IV). x ² statistics and r test were used for testing the significance of interspecific association and correlation among 25 main understory woody plants selected from the woody population. The results clearly showed their interspecific relationships and their differences in resource utilization. Species-pairs of positive association were in the majority. Most species were accommodated in the shady habitat. There was a positive correlation between the IV of the species and the interspecific association. The higher the IV of the species, the closer and more significant was the interspecific association. Based on analytical results of interspecific association and correlation, 25 woody plants in the shrub layer could be divided into four ecological species groups: I. Ficus hispida + Antidesma bunius + Mallotus barbatus + Ficus cunia + Saurauia tristyla + Mallotus philippinensis + Maesa japonica + Ficus hirta + Alchornea rugosa + Ficus fulva + Mallotus apelta; II. Cudrania tricuspidata + Schefflera octophylla; III. Cunninghamia lanceolata + Clerodendron cytophyllum + Millettia semicastrata + Randia spinosa + Litsea cubeba + Litsea pungens; IV. Ardisia japonica + Psychotria rubra + Vitex quinata + Cephalanthus occidentalis + Pithecellobium lucidum + Mycetia sinensis. If species group III or II is the advantaged species in the shrub layer, the community would change from a coniferous forest to a sparse evergreen broad-leaved forest. For group IV, the community would be relatively stable. For group I, the coniferous forest would be mixed with coniferous-broad leaved forest. The classification of ecological species groups would provide a theoretical basis on judging its ecological function, adjusting the stand structure of the plantation and directing the suitable natural vegetation type through the close-natural restoration process. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(9): 2173–2179 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(9): 2173–2179]     

卡特兰无菌播种与快速繁殖

1植物名称卡特兰杂交种（ Brassolaeliocattleya Sung Ya Green ＇Green World＇）。 2材料类别人工白花授粉后90、120、150、180和210d的种子。 3培养条件种子萌发培养基：（1）KC;（2）MS;（3）1／2MS。     

毛白杨悬浮细胞系的建立及再生植株的获得

以毛白杨基因型TC152无菌苗为材料,研究毛白杨悬浮细胞系建立与植株再生,结果表明,通过悬浮培养和固体培养两种方法诱导毛白杨悬浮细胞分化不定芽,最终获得无菌生根苗。愈伤组织在MS＋1.5mg·L-12,4-D＋30g·L-1蔗糖的液体培养基中振荡培养,12d可建立悬浮细胞系;悬浮细胞系继代培养基为MS＋0.8mg·L-12,4-D＋30g·L-1蔗糖,继代周期为7d,悬浮细胞在MS＋1.0mg·L-16-BA＋0.1mg·L-1NAA＋0.5～1.0mg·L-1ZT＋30g·L-1蔗糖培养基中悬浮培养,可分化大量不定芽,每个培养瓶中可得到40～50个芽,个别不定芽玻璃化;不定芽在1/2MS＋0.6mg·L-1IBA＋20g·L-1蔗糖＋5.5g·L-1琼脂培养基上可分化不定根。悬浮细胞通过固体平板培养增殖为愈伤组织块后,在MS＋1.0mg·L-16-BA＋0.1mg·L-1NAA＋1.0mg·L-1ZT＋30g·L-1蔗糖＋5g·L-1琼脂的固体培养基上,不定芽分化率可达到70.00%。     

夜间收集趋光性昆虫的方法

在昆虫种类和多样性调查时,需要简便快捷地收集昆虫标本,尤其要保证其完整性。为此目的现介绍1种收集灯下趋光性昆虫的方法。在收集桶内的底部放上1cm厚的泡沫塑料,滴入乙酸乙酯到泡沫塑料上吸附适量即可。在收集桶口蒙盖1块白布,用手压白布的中心至桶底部药液上方2～3cm处,并把露在桶外部的白布用皮筋勒紧在桶的外壁上,使桶中的白布不能自由升降。然后把收集桶与引诱装置结合,趋光性昆虫一旦落入桶中的白布里,就会被乙酸乙酯熏醉,渐渐行动力减弱,直至醉死。该方法相对于以往方法,收集到的昆虫标本完整度高、可利用性好,并且操作过程的安全性、效率性、简便性、经济性等方面都有所改进。     

毛竹的异质性空间点格局分析

毛竹是一种重要的经济用材,研究其空间分布格局有益于对其空间发生进行预测。选取了一块空间肥量分布不均的毛竹样地,使用异质性空间点格局分析方法对毛竹的空间分布进行了研究,结果发现毛竹在给定的距离尺度下呈现出显著的泊松分布,而并不是聚集分布。同时选用二元二次方程拟合观察的数据,发现对毛竹强度的拟合优度较高。研究揭示出异质性空间环境中毛竹的分布特点,潜在地表明土壤肥量的空间分布对毛竹空间分布的影响,对毛竹的集约化经营具有重要的指导意义;同时,鉴于国内生态研究中较少采用异质性空间点格局分析方法,研究对于推动这种方法在国内生态学研究中的普及还具有一定的参考价值。     

栓皮栎人工林树干液流对不同时间尺度气象因子及水面蒸发的响应

于2006-2008年主要生长季节,利用热扩散技术连续测算得到了华北土石山区30年生栓皮栎人工林液流量(SF),并结合同步测定的太阳辐射(Ra)、空气温度(Ta)、饱和水汽压亏缺(VPD)、风速(V)和降雨量(P)等气象因子、水面蒸发(EV0)及叶面积指数(LAI)等因子,分析了栓皮栎液流对不同时间尺度气象因子及水面蒸发的响应规律,探索建立长时间尺度水面蒸发与树干液流之间的关系模型。试验结果表明:(1)在主要生长季(4—9月份)期间,栓皮栎单株液流与同期测定的Ra、Ta、VPD和V等气象因子间均存在着较强的相关性。时间尺度为10min、1h、d、旬、月时,决定系数分别为0.388、0.482、0.539、0.654和0.812。说明随着时间尺度的增加,相关性越强;在不同时间尺度下,影响SF的最主要气象因子均为Ra。月SF与月Ra变化趋势的同步性尤为明显。(2)日尺度和月尺度上EV0与SF之间具有很好的线性关系,决定系数分别为0.578和0.876,比同时期、相等样本数条件下SF与Ra、Ta、VPD、V多元线性拟合的决定系数分别高3.6%和3.9%。(3)2006、2007、2008年生长季节降雨量分别为464.8、393.3mm和315.0mm,栓皮栎单株液流分别为2024.1L、1739.2L和1688.7L,年际间SF变化趋势与降雨量存在一定的一致性。     

辽宁省森林生态系统服务价值评估

基于森林生态系统的长期、连续定位观测,采用辽宁省2006年森林资源清查数据,利用中华人民共和国林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范(LY/T1721—2008)》对辽宁省14个地市的主要植被类型生态系统功能进行了物质量和价值量评估.结果表明:2006年,辽宁省森林生态系统水源涵养、保育土壤、固碳制氧、营养物质积累、净化环境、生物多样性保护、森林游憩所提供的服务价值为2591.72亿元,分别为同年辽宁省林业总产值和同年辽宁省国内生产总值(GDP)的8.54倍和28.02%;涵养水源、生物多样性保护和固碳释氧价值合计占总服务价值的79.09%,是辽宁省森林主要的生态系统服务功能;经济林、灌木林的单位面积生态系统服务价值较小,但面积较大,其总生态系统服务价值不容忽视;冷杉林、水曲柳林、黄波罗林和核桃楸林是辽宁省典型地带性植被,具有较高的生物多样性价值;受气候等因素的影响,辽宁省西部森林面积及森林质量均低于东部.     

海南霸王岭不同森林类型附生兰科植物的多样性和分布

附生兰科植物是热带林附生植物的主要类群之一,对于维持热带林生态系统的物种多样性及生态功能具有重要的作用。以海南岛霸王岭国家级自然保护区内的6种热带原始林类型(热带季雨林、低地雨林、热带针叶林、山地雨林、山地常绿林及山顶矮林)中的附生兰科植物为研究对象,通过样带调查(每个森林类型设置12个10m×50m的样带,记录每个样带内胸径(DBH)≥5cm的树木及藤本上附生兰科植物的物种名称、株数及附生位置)分析了附生兰科植物的物种多样性、附生位置及其在不同森林类型中的分布规律。结果表明:1)3.6hm2森林调查样带内共记录到附生兰科植物9634株,分属于26属60种;2)除趋势对应分析(DCA)结果表明,6种森林类型中的附生兰科植物可分成5组(其中,山地常绿林与山顶矮林内的附生兰科植物归为一组);3)分布海拔范围相临近的森林类型的附生兰科植物具有较高的相似性,山地常绿林和山顶矮林附生兰科植物的相似性最高(88.9%);4)6种森林类型中,较高海拔的3种森林类型(山地雨林、山地常绿林和山顶矮林)中,附生兰科植物的丰富度和多度均显著高于其在较低海拔的3种森林类型(热带季雨林、低地雨林和热带针叶林),其中,附生兰科植物在山地常绿林内的丰富度和多度均最高;5)热带季雨林、低地雨林、热带针叶林及山地雨林内,宿主冠区附生兰科植物的多度均高于干区;山地常绿林内两者之间无显著差异;而山顶矮林干区的附生兰科植物的多度高于冠区;6)调查木上附生兰科植物的发生率在高海拔森林类型均高于其在低海拔森林类型,各森林类型内附生兰科植物的多度及物种丰富度与宿主胸径均存在显著正相关关系。     

Probabilistic fatigue analysis of all-ceramic crowns based on the finite element method

The reliability evaluation and lifetime prediction of oral restorations for dentists have always been the major concern in the field of prosthodontics. This study introduced a new methodology for dealing with stress–strength interference and an analysis to quantify the reliability of all-ceramic crowns. The response stress was based on finite element models of all-ceramic crowns, which were constructed by reverse techniques. The method utilized in this study was a probabilistic analysis that considered the all-ceramic crown as a structural component associated with multiple factors involved in the all-ceramic system including occlusal loads and mechanical properties of porcelain. The results suggested the survival probability of all-ceramic crowns after 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years could be computed to be 98.89%, 98.03%, 97.50%, 97.13%, and 96.93%, respectively. Probabilistic analysis methods offer a systematic technique to incorporate and account for the nature of uncertainty in ceramic restorations and allow prediction of the reliability of all-ceramic crowns under cyclic occlusal loads with accuracy.