全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11107篇 |
免费 | 735篇 |
国内免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
11847篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 108篇 |
2022年 | 248篇 |
2021年 | 396篇 |
2020年 | 322篇 |
2019年 | 362篇 |
2018年 | 469篇 |
2017年 | 384篇 |
2016年 | 541篇 |
2015年 | 670篇 |
2014年 | 745篇 |
2013年 | 802篇 |
2012年 | 902篇 |
2011年 | 830篇 |
2010年 | 505篇 |
2009年 | 443篇 |
2008年 | 513篇 |
2007年 | 515篇 |
2006年 | 458篇 |
2005年 | 401篇 |
2004年 | 335篇 |
2003年 | 289篇 |
2002年 | 269篇 |
2001年 | 153篇 |
2000年 | 133篇 |
1999年 | 103篇 |
1998年 | 60篇 |
1997年 | 44篇 |
1996年 | 45篇 |
1995年 | 42篇 |
1994年 | 43篇 |
1993年 | 21篇 |
1992年 | 52篇 |
1991年 | 56篇 |
1990年 | 32篇 |
1989年 | 40篇 |
1988年 | 39篇 |
1987年 | 43篇 |
1986年 | 41篇 |
1985年 | 31篇 |
1984年 | 37篇 |
1983年 | 22篇 |
1982年 | 19篇 |
1981年 | 17篇 |
1980年 | 19篇 |
1979年 | 24篇 |
1978年 | 23篇 |
1975年 | 18篇 |
1973年 | 20篇 |
1972年 | 17篇 |
1970年 | 16篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
31.
Markers for selection of the rice Xa21 disease resistance gene 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
C. E. Williams B. Wang T. E. Holsten J. Scambray F. de Assis Goes da Silva P. C. Ronald 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1996,93(7):1119-1122
Six molecular markers were mapped to a 7.4-cM region of rice chromosome 11 containing the Xa21 gene, which confers resistance to the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. Three markers, RG103, 248 and 818, co-segregated with Xa21 in a population of 1141 plants. Multiple copies of all marker loci were present within the region that was introgressed from Oryza longistaminata into O. sativa. The marker loci were cloned and primers were designed that defined sequence-tagged sites. Physical mapping of the three tightly linked central markers revealed that RG103, the marker that hybridizes to the Xa21 gene, resides on a separate DNA fragment from the other two markers.Disclaimer: Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable. 相似文献
32.
M. H. L. Ribeiro D. M. F. Prazeres J. M. S. Cabral M. M. R. da Fonseca 《Bioprocess and biosystems engineering》1995,12(1-2):95-102
l-tryptophan was produced froml-serine and indole by immobilized Escherichia coli cells in organic-aqueous systems. Selective adsorption was the method chosen to enable both product separation andl-serine reutilization. Amongst various adsorbents tested activated carbons and neutral polymeric resins (XAD-4 and XAD-7) showed good performance. The neutral resins could selectively concentrate thel-tryptophan from dilute aqueous solutions and adsorbed only 5% of the unconvertedl-serine. High separation factors (l-tryptophan/l-serine and indole/l-tryptophan) were obtained with these adsorbents. Despite a lower capacity, the XAD-7 resin had the advantage of desorbingl-tryptophan with basic or acidic solutions, while organic solvents were required to desorb, at the same concentration levels, this compound from XAD-4.In a packed bed column filled with XAD-4 resin or activated carbon, totall-tryptophan adsorption and recovery were achieved at linear velocities up to 5.0 cm/min and 3.2 cm/min respectively. Successive sorbent reutilization, following continuous sorption and elution steps, was carried out in packed bed columns with the neutral resins and activated carbon.Thel-form of tryptophan, after crystallization, was identified by HPTLC.List of Symbols HPLC
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- HPTLC
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
- Trp
tryptophan
- Ser
Serine
-
A
amount of sorbent(g)
-
c
equilibrium solute concentration in the aqueous phase (g/dm3)
-
c
i
initial (before adding the sorbent) liquid phase concentration (g/dm3)
-
C
T
tryptophan concentration in the inlet solution (g/dm3)
-
C
To
tryptophan concentration in the outlet solution (g/dm3)
-
E
z
axial dispersion coefficient (m2/s)
-
k
experimental constant (Eq. 1, 2 and 3)
-
K
1
rate constant of adsorption (min–1)
-
L
column length(m)
-
n
experimental constant (eq. 1, 2 and 3)
-
q
equilibrium solid phase concentration (g solute/g sorbent)
-
q
max
maximum capacity of sorbent (g solute/g sorbent)
-
t
time(s)
-
v
liquid velocity (m/s)
-
V
volume of liquid phase(dm3)
-
V
e
eluted volume(dm3)
-
V
r
volume needed to saturate the column (dm3) 相似文献
33.
34.
Hydraulic properties of sphagnum peat moss and tuff (scoria) and their potential effects on water availability 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The importance of macrostructure to root growth of ryegrass (L. perenne) seedlings sown on the soil surface was studied in two soils in which the macrostructure had resulted mainly from root growth
and macro-faunal activity. Sets of paired soil cores were used, one of each pair undisturbed and the other ground and repacked
to the field bulk density.
Undisturbed and repacked soils were first compared at equal water potentials in the range −1.9 to −300 kPa. At equal water
potential, the undisturbed soil always had the greater strength (penetration resistance), and root growth was always greater
in the repacked soil with no macrostructure than it was in the soil with macrostructure intact. At equal high strength (low
water potentials) it appeared that root growth was better when soils were structured. When strength was low (high water potentials),
root growth was better in the unstructured soil.
Soils were then compared during drying cycles over 21 days. The average rate at which roots grew to a depth of 60 mm, and
also the final percentage of plants with a root reaching 60 mm depth, was greatest in repacked soils without macrostructure.
The species of vegetation growing in the soil before the experiment affected root growth in undisturbed soil; growth was slower
where annual grasses and white clover had grown compared with soil which had supported a perennial grass.
It appears that relatively few roots locate and grow in the macrostructure. Other roots grow in the matrix, if it is soft
enough to be deformed by roots. Roots in the matrix of a structured soil grow more slowly than roots in structureless soil
of equal bulk density and water potential. The development of macrostructure in an otherwise structureless soil, of the type
studied, is of no advantage to most roots. However, once a macrostructure has developed, the few roots locating suitable macropores
are able to grow at low water potential when soil strength is high. The importance of macrostructure to establishing seedlings
in the field lies in rapid penetration of at least a few roots to a depth that escapes surface drying during seasonal drought.
ei]{gnB E}{fnClothier} 相似文献
35.
Vicente Gomes Phan Van Ngan Claude de Broyer Maria José deA. C. Rocha Passos 《Hydrobiologia》1993,262(2):109-113
Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of the Antarctic lysianassoid amphipod Waldeckia obesa are described. The modal chromosome number is n = 25 and 2n = 50. The potential applications of cytogenetical studies in this group are discussed. 相似文献
36.
Amanda dos Santos Marina Tenório Botelho Willian Reina Joviano Vicente Gomes José Roberto Machado Cunha da Silva Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro 《Invertebrate Biology》2023,142(1):e12394
Hemocytes are circulating blood cells that play a crucial function in amphipods and other crustacean immune systems. The hemocytes of the marine tropical amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis have been used for the evaluation of DNA damage and micronuclei, but they have not been characterized in the scientific literature. The aim of this study was to describe the hemolymph cells of P. hawaiensis and study their phagocytotic activity. Basic dyes were used to differentiate the cell types and the presence of lipids. The total hemocyte counts (THCs) and the proportion and sizes of the hemocyte types were determined. Hemolymph was exposed to Escherichia coli for verification of the presence of phagocytosis. Three cell types, all containing lipids, were identified in P. hawaiensis: granulocytes (oval shape, 13.4 × 7.6 μm), semi-granulocytes (oval shape, 14.1 × 7.2 μm), and hyalinocytes (round shape, 9.6 × 7.2 μm). Those three cell types were found in different percentages in males (64.8%, 31.1%, and 4.2%) and females (70.1%, 28.2%, and 1.7%). THCs for males were 9007 ± 3800 cells per individual and 4695 ± 1892 cells per individual for females. The cells of E. coli were phagocytized by the hemocytes. Our findings increased the knowledge of hemocytes in P. hawaiensis and is a step forward in using hemocyte-based immune responses as an endpoint in ecotoxicology. 相似文献
37.
38.
Ahmadi Fakhrieh Nazari Farzad Ghaderi Naser Teixeira da Silva Jaime A. 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2023,42(1):168-182
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Salinity stress is one of the most important global problems that afflicts and limits the growth and development of turfgrass in arid and semi-arid areas.... 相似文献
39.
Janaine Almeida Neto Daniel Amando Nery Katia Simoni Bezerra Lima Maria Eduarda Gomes da Cruz Silva Tarcísio Cícero de Lima Araújo Nathália Andrezza Carvalho de Souza Rodolfo Hideki Vicente Nishimura Camila de Souza Araújo Ana Paula de Oliveira Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida Larissa Araújo Rolim 《化学与生物多样性》2023,20(3):e202201039
This article describes the phytochemical study of Cannabis sativa roots from northeastern Brazil. The dried plant material was pulverized and subjected to exhaustive maceration with ethanol at room temperature, obtaining the crude ethanolic extract (Cs-EEBR). The volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which allowed to identify 22 compounds by comparing the linear retention index (LRI), the similarity index (SI) and the fragmentation pattern of the constituents with the literature. By this technique the major compounds identified were: friedelan-3-one and β-sitosterol. In addition, two fractions were obtained from Cs-EEBR by classical column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography. These fractions were analyzed by NMR and IR and together with the mass spectrometry data allowed to identify the compounds: epifriedelanol, friedelan-3-one, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The study contributed to the phytochemical knowledge of Cannabis sativa, specifically the roots, as there are few reports on the chemical constituents of this part of the plant. 相似文献
40.
Alex Graça Contato Vanessa Kaplum Débora Botura Scariot Francielle Pelegrin Garcia Hugo Falzirolli Fábio Vandresen Tânia Ueda-Nakamura Sueli de Oliveira Silva Cleuza Conceição da Silva Celso Vataru Nakamura 《化学与生物多样性》2023,20(7):e202300523
Leishmaniasis is a tropical zoonotic disease. It is found in 98 countries, with an estimated 1.3 million people being affected annually. During the life cycle, the Leishmania parasite alternates between promastigote and amastigote forms. The first line treatment for leishmaniasis are the pentavalent antimonials, such as N-methylglucamine antimoniate (Glucantime®) and sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®). These drugs are commonly related to be associated with dangerous side effects such as cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and pancreatitis. Considering these aspects, this work aimed to obtain a new series of limonene-acylthiosemicarbazides hybrids as an alternative for the treatment of leishmaniasis. For this, promastigotes, axenic amastigotes, and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis were used in the antiproliferative assay; J774-A1 macrophages for the cytotoxicity assay; and electron microscopy techniques were performed to analyze the morphology and ultrastructure of parasites. ATZ−S-04 compound showed the best result in both tests. Its IC50, in promastigotes, axenic amastigotes and intracellular amastigotes was 0.35±0.08 μM, 0.49±0.06 μM, and 15.90±2.88 μM, respectively. Cytotoxicity assay determined a CC50 of 16.10±1.76 μM for the same compound. By electron microscopy, it was observed that ATZ−S-04 affected mainly the Golgi complex, in addition to morphological changes in promastigote forms of L. amazonensis. 相似文献