An overview of the secondary structure of the V4 region of eukaryotic small-subunit ribosomal RNA.

The V4 region of the small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA was examined in 72 different sequences representing a broad sample eukaryotic diversity. This domain is the most variable region of the 18S rRNA molecule and ranges in length from ca. 230 to over 500 bases. Based upon comparative analysis, secondary structural models were constructed for all sequences and the resulting generalized model shows that most organisms possess seven helices for this region. The protists and two insects show from one to as many as four helices in addition to the above seven. In this report, we summarize secondary structure information presented elsewhere for the V4 region, describe the general features for helical and apical regions, and identify signature sequences useful in helix identification. Our model generally agrees with other current concepts; however, we propose modifications or alternative structures for the start of the V4 region, the large protist inserts, and the sector that may possibly contain a pseudoknot.     

Maternal cigarette smoking, Down syndrome in live births, and infant race.

Previous studies have suggested that maternal smoking is negatively associated with a Down syndrome live birth. We analyzed the data of the U.S. Perinatal Collaborative Study in a search for racial variation in Down syndrome risk factors. There were 22 cases in 25,346 live births to smoking mothers (4/10,780 blacks, 18/13,320 whites, and 0/1,246 other races) and 42/29,130 live births to nonsmoking mothers (24/14,665 blacks, 14/11,694 whites, and 4/2,771 others). The crude overall rates per 1,000 live births were 0.4 in black smokers and 1.6 in black nonsmokers but 1.4 in white smokers and 1.2 in white non-smokers. Adjusted for maternal age, the summary relative risk for a Down syndrome live birth to a smoking mother was 0.2 in blacks (95% interval 0.1-0.7) but 1.2 in whites (95% interval 0.6-2.5). Stratification on variables associated with socioeconomic status or gestational age at time of entry into the study did not alter the racial difference. A comparison of smokers with those who never smoked revealed essentially the same trends. Among all nonsmokers the ratio of the maternal age-adjusted risks for a Down syndrome live birth in whites compared with blacks was 0.7 (95% interval 0.3-1.3), and among all smokers this ratio was 3.6 (95% interval 1.3-9.9). If the results are not attributable to statistical fluctuation or undetected confounding, then differences in the probability of intrauterine survival of the Down syndrome fetus would appear to be one plausible explanation for the difference.     

A restriction-fragment-length difference detected by the anonymous probe DXS199 exhibits non-Mendelian inheritance.

Anonymous DNA probes were isolated from an X chromosome-enriched flow-sorted library. One of these probes, DXS199, identified a restriction-fragment difference that failed to show Mendelian segregation. All normal females were found to have two AvaII fragments of 6.5 kb and 6.0 kb, whereas all normal males had only the 6.5-kb fragment. DNA from a 49,XXXXY male was found to have both 6.0- and 6.5-kb AvaII fragments, in the same 3:1 ratio as seen in the inactive:active number of X chromosomes. This variant, which reflects a structural difference between active and inactive X chromosomes, is likely to be due to a methylation site on the active X chromosome.     

Models of multilocus recombination: nonrandomness in chiasma number and crossover positions.

Cytological evidence indicates that genetic interference can be partitioned into two empirical components: nonrandomness in the number of chiasmata that occur and nonrandomness in the locations of multiple chiasmata. Previous studies have incorporated the first effect into genetic models for analyzing multipoint data. An extension to this approach is presented which allows for the second component of interference by modeling the probability density function of the locations of multiple crossovers. Results of reanalyses of multilocus data for the Drosophila X chromosome show that models that incorporate only the first effect give a better fit to these data than do standard mapping functions and that the extended model significantly improved the fit by decreasing the predicted frequency of multiple crossovers in nearby regions. Our results demonstrate that chiasma-based models of multilocus recombination, which are unique in incorporating direct estimates of the frequency of multiple crossovers for a chromosome region, can provide a powerful and realistic means of accounting for genetic interference when applied to the problems of gene localization, locus ordering, and exclusion mapping.     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Ecological theory and integrated pest management in practice. M. Kogan, editor World crop pests , Vol. 2. Aphids; their biology, natural enemies and control, PART A (Eds. A. K. Minks and P. Harrewijn)