北京地区旧石器考古新进展

北京地区旧石器文化遗物丰富,自１９９０年开始在北京城区和郊区县开展旧石器调查和试掘以来,发现旧石器时代文化遗址或地点３８处。这些新的为研究北京地区的旧石器文化提供了有的考古资料。     

长吻和南方大口鲶胃肠道消化能力的研究

通过对长吻（Ｌｅｉｏｃａｓｉｓｌｏｎｇｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ）、南方大口鲶（Ｓｉｌｕｒｕｓｍｅｒｉｄｉｏｎａｌｉｓ）胃、肠道所作大体解剖观察对比、粘膜扫描电镜观察、蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力测定等的研究结果表明,南方大口鲶的胃壁和胃粘膜皱褶非常发达,其伸缩能力远强于长吻。但长吻的胃、肠粘膜的分泌功能较南方大口鲶强,其蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力强于相近体重的南方大口鲶。南方大口鲶的发达的胃壁作用可能在于有较强的伸张能力以便一次性地食贮较多或较大个体食物,并在胃内进行初步消化。总体评价,长吻一次性的摄食能力不如南方大口鲶,但对同种食物的消化能力强于相近或相同体重的南方大口鲶。南方大口鲶胃、肠道消化生理特点适于一次捕食较大个体食物,具间歇性摄食的消化生理特点。而长吻则适于以较高摄食频率和对食物较强的消化利用率以适应营养的需要。     

宁夏水洞沟遗址第8地点发掘简报

水洞沟遗址第8地点是水洞沟遗址群的重要地点之一。2003年,对其进行正式发掘,揭露面积16m2,文化层内包含用火遗迹、石制品、哺乳动物化石及鸵鸟蛋皮串珠等。本文观察和研究的石制品七百余件,总体上显示中国北方地区石片石器工业的技术特征。根据该地点文化层的14C测年数据,该地点的年代为27,040±150 BP,经Int Cal09曲线校正后数据为31,323±101BP,与水洞沟第2地点的第2文化层年代(29.9ka~31.3ka BP)大致相当。     

渭河源流域源汇景观演变对径流泥沙的影响

探讨源汇景观演变特征与径流泥沙的关系对定量识别源汇景观功能对生态过程的影响具有重要的科学意义。以位于黄土高原和西秦岭山地交错区域的渭河源为例,分析了流域源汇景观格局演变与降雨耦合驱动对径流和泥沙的影响,结果表明:(1)研究区1982—2017年汇景观比例逐渐增加并超过源景观,源汇景观功能演变主要发生在黄土丘陵区,源汇景观负荷比指数呈逐年下降趋势;(2)影响流域径流和泥沙的主要因素不同,洪峰流量与含沙量主要受源景观面积比例和源汇景观负荷比的影响,呈显著的下降趋势,而径流量仅与降水量存在相关性;(3)基于信息理论方法的相对重要性分析表明,降雨对流域径流量的相对重要性高于源汇景观负荷比,而源汇景观负荷比对洪峰流量和含沙量的相对重要性较高,传输距离和海拔分布对径流泥沙和洪峰流量具有重要影响。在长时间尺度上,源汇景观格局演变影响了径流及泥沙特征,并且对泥沙影响的相对重要性高于径流。源汇景观合理的时空分布可以有效调控水土流失过程,对黄土高原生态可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Carbon footprint of rice production under biochar amendment – a case study in a Chinese rice cropping system

As a controversial strategy to mitigate global warming, biochar application into soil highlights the need for life cycle assessment before large‐scale practice. This study focused on the effect of biochar on carbon footprint of rice production. A field experiment was performed with three treatments: no residue amendment (Control), 6 t ha^?1 yr^?1 corn straw (CS) amendment, and 2.4 t ha^?1 yr^?1 corn straw‐derived biochar amendment (CBC). Carbon footprint was calculated by considering carbon source processes (pyrolysis energy cost, fertilizer and pesticide input, farmwork, and soil greenhouse gas emissions) and carbon sink processes (soil carbon increment and energy offset from pyrolytic gas). On average over three consecutive rice‐growing cycles from year 2011 to 2013, the CS treatment had a much higher carbon intensity of rice (0.68 kg CO₂‐C equivalent (CO₂‐C_e) kg^?1 grain) than that of Control (0.24 kg CO₂‐C_e kg^?1 grain), resulting from large soil CH₄ emissions. Biochar amendment significantly increased soil carbon pool and showed no significant effect on soil total N₂O and CH₄ emissions relative to Control; however, due to a variation in net electric energy input of biochar production based on different pyrolysis settings, carbon intensity of rice under CBC treatment ranged from 0.04 to 0.44 kg CO₂‐C_e kg^?1 grain. The results indicated that biochar strategy had the potential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of crop production, but the energy‐efficient pyrolysis technique does matter.     

模拟降雨下黄土坡面水沙过程对3种灌草植被垂直结构变化的响应

植被对坡面产流产沙过程的影响随植被类型及其垂直结构组分的变化而变化,然而这些因素如何影响坡面水沙过程却缺乏定量分析。利用野外径流小区和人工模拟降雨试验,研究了黄土丘陵区3种典型灌草（沙棘、柠条、苜蓿）及其不同垂直结构组分（叶、茎、枯落物、根系）对坡面产流和产沙过程的影响。结果表明：3种灌草均具有较好的减流减沙效益,且减沙作用强于减流作用,与裸地相比,灌草植被减少径流量32.49%-44.86%,减少侵蚀量72.99%-80.63%,降低坡面流速29.17%-45.83%。苜蓿的减流效益最佳,为44.86%,柠条的减沙效益最佳,为80.63%。3种植被的减流效益在不同产流时期差异明显,从产流初期到中期和后期逐渐减少,减沙效益在不同产流时期则没有明显变化。植被垂直结构不同组分对于减流减沙效益的相对贡献与其形态特征以及其空间分布方式有着密切的关系。地上部分对于减流效益和减速效益有较大的相对贡献率,平均为75.42%和68.38%,而不同植被茎、叶和枯落物的相对贡献具有一定的差异。根系则发挥较大的减沙作用,平均相对贡献为78.44%。植被垂直结构组分越完整,减流减沙效益越显著。研究对黄土丘陵区水土保持、植被恢复和建设提供重要的科学依据和理论指导。     

Alanine Aminotransferase Is Associated with an Adverse Nocturnal Blood Glucose Profile in Individuals with Normal Glucose Regulation

Objective

Although the association between alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and risk of type 2 diabetes is well-studied, the effects of slightly increased ALT levels within the normal range on the temporal normal glucose profile remains poorly understood.

Methods

A total of 322 Chinese subjects without impaired glucose tolerance or previous diagnoses of diabetes were recruited for study from 10 hospitals in urban areas across China. All subjects wore a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system for three consecutive days. The diurnal (06∶00–20∶00) and nocturnal (20∶00–06∶00) mean blood glucose (MBG) levels were calculated. Subjects were stratified by ALT quartile level and correlation analyses were performed.

Results

The median ALT level was 17 IU/L, and subjects with ALT ≥17 IU/L had higher nocturnal MBG level than those with ALT <17 IU/L (P<0.05). Nocturnal MBG was positively correlated with ALT levels (Pearson correlation analysis: r = 0.187, P = 0.001), and the correlation remained significant after correction for the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (r = 0.105, P = 0.041). No correlations were found between diurnal MBG and ALT, and nocturnal or diurnal MBG and aspartate aminotransferase or gamma-glutamyltransferase (all, P>0.05). Multivariate stepwise regression analysis of elevated nocturnal MBG identified increased HOMA-IR, elevated ALT levels, and decreased homeostatic model assessment of ß-cell function as independent factors (all, P<0.05).

Conclusions

Mildly elevated ALT levels, within the normal range, are associated with unfavorable nocturnal glucose profiles in Chinese subjects with normal glucose regulation.     

p53 regulates biosynthesis through direct inactivation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Cancer cells consume large quantities of glucose and primarily use glycolysis for ATP production, even in the presence of adequate oxygen. This metabolic signature (aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect) enables cancer cells to direct glucose to biosynthesis, supporting their rapid growth and proliferation. However, both causes of the Warburg effect and its connection to biosynthesis are not well understood. Here we show that the tumour suppressor p53, the most frequently mutated gene in human tumours, inhibits the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Through the PPP, p53 suppresses glucose consumption, NADPH production and biosynthesis. The p53 protein binds to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the PPP, and prevents the formation of the active dimer. Tumour-associated p53 mutants lack the G6PD-inhibitory activity. Therefore, enhanced PPP glucose flux due to p53 inactivation may increase glucose consumption and direct glucose towards biosynthesis in tumour cells.     

北京市西单发现旧石器

1997年4月21日,北京市中银大厦施工单位在施工中发现地层中有哺乳动物化石。根据这个线索,本文作者李超荣等随即到工地考察,初步鉴定其为象的牙齿及一些骨骼。同日,郑绍华也到工地调查,把象化石鉴定为古菱齿象。另外,本文作者从地层中采集了几块砾石和断块,清洗后发现其中有一件是石核。中银大厦旧石器地点位于北京市区复兴门内大街与西单北大街交汇处,地理坐标约为东经116°23′4″,北纬39°55′26″。该地点的地层剖面简述如下:1)人工堆积层。上部为杂色碎石填土,下部为杂色渣土。厚7.5m。2)褐色粉砂质粘土层。含云母和氧化铁。厚2.5m。3)…     

泥河湾盆地上沙嘴石制品

泥河湾盆地上沙嘴出土石制品34件,包括石核、石片、石器和断块,并伴随纳玛象头骨与马和犀等的牙齿化石。上沙嘴石制品最初发现于1972年,报道后在国内外引起强烈反响。1980年该地点的时代被修改为晚更新世。近年来的考察再次表明,上沙嘴地点就位于下更新统泥河湾组,且得到了古地磁测年为距今160~170万年的确认。