Preparation and characterization of surface crosslinked TPS/PVA blend films

Surface crosslinked thermoplastic starch (TPS)/PVA blend films were prepared by applying ultra violet (UV) irradiation. Sodium benzoate was used as photosensitizer and induced onto film surface layer by soaking the TPS/PVA films in the photosensitizer aqueous solution. The effects of concentration of photosensitizer aqueous solution, soaking time and UV irradiation dose on the surface photocrosslinking reaction were investigated. Physical properties, such as water contact angle, moisture absorption, swelling degree and solubility in water as well as mechanical properties of the films were measured to characterize the influence of the surface photocrosslinking modification. The obtained results showed that the surface modification considerably reduced the surface hydrophilic character of the TPS/PVA films, enhanced the film’s water resistance and also increased tensile strength and Young’s modulus but decreased elongation at break of the films.     

福建省安溪县土地利用时空演变规律及其关键驱动因素

以福建省安溪县为研究边界,选取了1999—2019年该县及所属乡镇的耕地、林地、草地、园地、水域、建设用地和未利用地等7个土地利用类型作为物种变量,与其相关性较大的社会经济指标为环境变量,采用典范对应分析和空间自相关等方法进行分析,以明确安溪县和所属乡镇的土地利用时空演变特征及其关键驱动因素。研究结果表明:安溪县1999—2019年间土地利用类型变化总体上呈"三减四增"态势,并在全局空间分布格局上呈明显的聚焦状态。全县耕地、草地和水域面积分别减少36.82%、22.91%和8.18%,而林地、园地(主要是茶园)、建设用地和未利用地面积则分别增加了10.37%、56.39%、206.08%和90.14%。就林地面积而言,近10年来安溪县24个乡镇中有1/3的乡镇林地呈下降趋势。其中,祥华、大坪、虎邱、参内、福田和城厢6个乡镇林地面积减少明显。研究表明:在县域水平上,主要土地利用类型变化,除了受地理因素的制约外,主要受社会经济指标和宏观政策的驱动因素调控。排位最大的前3个因素分别是社会消费品零售总额、地区生产总值和茶叶产量。在镇域水平上,不同乡镇由于地理条件,特别是城镇化水平和经济发展状况...     

Rambutan genome revealed gene networks for spine formation and aril development

Rambutan is a popular tropical fruit known for its exotic appearance, has long flexible spines on shells, extraordinary aril growth, desirable nutrition, and a favorable taste. The genome of an elite rambutan cultivar Baoyan 7 was assembled into 328 Mb in 16 pseudo-chromosomes. Comparative genomics analysis between rambutan and lychee revealed that rambutan chromosomes 8 and 12 are collinear with lychee chromosome 1, which resulted in a chromosome fission event in rambutan (n = 16) or a fusion event in lychee (n = 15) after their divergence from a common ancestor 15.7 million years ago. Root development genes played a crucial role in spine development, such as endoplasmic reticulum pathway genes, jasmonic acid response genes, vascular bundle development genes, and K⁺ transport genes. Aril development was regulated by D-class genes (STK and SHP1), plant hormone and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes, and sugar metabolism genes. The lower rate of male sterility of hermaphroditic flowers appears to be regulated by MYB24. Population genomic analyses revealed genes in selective sweeps during domestication that are related to fruit morphology and environment stress response. These findings enhance our understanding of spine and aril development and provide genomic resources for rambutan improvement.     

连作障碍与根际微生态研究 Ⅰ. 根系分泌物及其生态效应

作物、蔬菜、果树以及苗木长期连作后,皆出现生长衰退和产量降低。许多研究结果表明,连作条件下土壤生态环境对植物生长有很大的影响,尤以植物残体与病原微生物的分解产物,对植物有致毒作用,并影响植物根系分泌物正常代谢,以致于发生自毒作用。本文围绕根系分泌物与根际微生态的相互关系,系统地介绍连作障碍条件下,影响根系分泌物的环境因素(土壤空气、湿度、养分与微生物)、活性物质(自身毒素、残体分解物、微生物产生毒素)、土壤病原菌等的根际效应,为深入研究根系分泌物与连作障碍的相互作用机制提供启示。     

MCU Up‐regulation contributes to myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion Injury through calpain/OPA‐1–mediated mitochondrial fusion/mitophagy Inhibition

Mitochondrial dynamic disorder is involved in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. To explore the effect of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) on mitochondrial dynamic imbalance under I/R and its related signal pathways, a mouse myocardial I/R model and hypoxia/reoxygenation model of mouse cardiomyocytes were established. The expression of MCU during I/R increased and related to myocardial injury, enhancement of mitochondrial fission, inhibition of mitochondrial fusion and mitophagy. Suppressing MCU functions by Ru360 during I/R could reduce myocardial infarction area and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, alleviate mitochondrial fission and restore mitochondrial fusion and mitophagy. However, spermine administration, which could enhance MCU function, deteriorated the above‐mentioned myocardial cell injury and mitochondrial dynamic imbalanced. In addition, up‐regulation of MCU promoted the expression and activation of calpain‐1/2 and down‐regulated the expression of Optic atrophy type 1 (OPA1). Meantime, in transgenic mice (overexpression calpastatin, the endogenous inhibitor of calpain) I/R model and OPA1 knock‐down cultured cell. In I/R models of transgenic mice over‐expressing calpastatin, which is the endogenous inhibitor of calpain, and in H/R models with siOPA1 transfection, inhibition of calpains could enhance mitochondrial fusion and mitophagy, and inhibit excessive mitochondrion fission and apoptosis through OPA1. Therefore, we conclude that during I/R, MCU up‐regulation induces calpain activation, which down‐regulates OPA1, consequently leading to mitochondrial dynamic imbalance.     

白浆土-植物系统营养物质转化机制及其有效性研究Ⅱ.白浆土无机磷形态变化

采用室内培养和微区试验研究表明,施入白浆土中无机磷在短时间内（２４ｈ、８ｄ）主要向ＦｅＰ和ＡｌＰ转变,较长时间后（８０ｄ）,ＡｌＰ向ＦｅＰ转化,ＣａＰ变化较弱,土壤中无机磷形态转化与白浆土本身的土壤属性具有密切关系．施用有机肥改变了土壤中无机磷形态的转化过程,其与土壤中的铁、铝氧化物反应形成的“Ａｌ有机质Ｐ”和“Ｆｅ有机质Ｐ”是作物较易利用的有效Ｐ源     

苏干湖湿地植被地上生物量空间格局及其对水盐的响应

地上生物量是反映湿地植物群落数量特征和生产能力的重要因子,内陆盐沼湿地植被地上生物量空间分布格局及其水盐响应机制,对湿地生态水文学研究具有重要的理论意义。采用湿地群落学调查和支持向量回归模型（SVR）相结合的方法,将苏干湖湿地划分为山洪区、泉水区等5个分区,研究了植被地上生物量的空间异质及其影响因素。结果表明：支持向量回归模型在内陆盐沼湿地植被地上生物量反演方面具有较高的拟合精度;苏干湖不同区域湿地植物群落地上生物量空间格局呈现出复杂的空间分异规律,对地下水埋深和土壤全盐量的响应也存在明显差异：河洪区的植被地上生物量随地下水埋深、土壤全盐量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,湖水区的植被地上生物量与地下水埋深呈显著正相关关系,而土壤全盐量则相反,山洪区的植被地上生物量随地下水埋深的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,泉水区的植被地上生物量随地下水埋深的增加逐渐减小,台地区的植被地上生物量与地下水埋深和土壤全盐量均无显著相关性。苏干湖湿地不同等级植被地上生物量在空间上呈现出多斑块组成的镶嵌体结构形态,体现了湿地植物应对土壤水盐等环境因子变化的生态适应机制。     

Regeneration of intergeneric somatic hybrids by protoplast fusion betweenOnobrychis viciaefolia andMedicago sativa

Protoplast fusion was induced between sainfoin and alfalfa by an improved polyethyleneglycol (PEG) method. The intergeneric somatic calluses were selected based on complementation of hydroxyproline-resistance of sainfoin and hormone autonomy growth of alfalfa transformation cell line. 17 somatic hybrid plantlets were regenerated. PEG could induce the tight agglutination of protoplasts. During diluting and washing process, cyclization of the linked membrane and formation of vesicle-like structures were observed, resulting in protoplast fusion. 5%–10% glycerol supplemented in the fusion inducing solution markedly increased the frequency of heterogeneous fusion. Better fusion results were obtained when mixed protoplast suspension was dripped in petri dishes in which PEG solution was previously placed. Chromosome number of regenerated hybrid buds varied from 30 to 60. The genome of hybrids included the small chromosome from sainfoin and two chromosomes with two clear constrictions from alfalfa. The hybridity of obtained hybrid calluses was confirmed by their isayrne banding patterns and their nopaline synthetase activity.