The relationship between social status, behaviour, growth and steroids in male helpers and breeders of a cooperatively breeding cichlid

We tested whether subordinate helper males of the Lake Tanganyika cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher show elevated excretion levels of the stress hormone cortisol and reduced levels of 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone when living in groups with a small breeder male, compared to similar helper males living in groups with a large breeder male, in a full-factorial repeated measures experimental design. We also measured the same hormones in breeder males with and without helper males. Previous research showed that the size difference between large male helpers and male breeders in groups of this species influences behaviour and growth decisions. Contrary to our expectation, no effect of the size-difference between helper males and breeder males on helper hormone levels was detected. Furthermore, helper males had similar hormone excretion levels to those of size-matched breeder males without helpers, and to small breeder males. There was no influence of egg laying on breeder male and helper hormone levels during the experiment. Interestingly, all three hormone levels were significantly lower in helpers showing elevated levels of submissive behaviour towards the breeders, independently of the size of the breeder males. The low cortisol levels suggest that helper males can successfully reduce stress by appeasing breeder males through submission. Furthermore, helper males showing a high level of submissive behaviour had lower levels of androgens than less submissive helpers, suggesting a lower reproductive potential in submissive helpers. We propose that helper submission may be used as an honest signal of reduced interest in reproduction towards the breeder male in this species.     

Solid monounsaturated diet lowers LDL unsaturation trait and oxidisability in hypercholesterolemic (Type IIb) patients

Lowering high cholesterol concentration decreases the probability of atherosclerotic-related pathology onset. MUFA and PUFA decrease total plasma and LDL cholesterol but PUFA may increase the susceptibility of LDL to undergo oxidative modifications thus becoming more atherogenetic. Olive oil, the predominant fat source in Mediterranean diet, may combine the advantages of both lowering cholesterol level and decreasing LDL susceptibility to oxidation. We studied the effects of feeding MUFA vs PUFA enriched diet on LDL composition and feature in hypercholesterolemic (IIb) patients Antioxidant values remained constant during the study while LDL fatty acids composition reflected the dietary intake: MUFA concentration increased 11% whereas PUFA decreased 10% after olive oil diet (p < 0.05). PUFA/MUFA ratio and the unsaturation index were lower at the end of MUFA-enriched diet. The challenge, in vitro, of oleate-enriched LDL with Cu²⁺ yielded to lower lag-phase (p < 0.05) in diene conjugated production; the same LDL gave lower lipid hydroperoxide contents after exposition to AAPH. We conclude that oleate-enriched LDL and with lower PUFA content were more resistant to oxidative modifications, as measured by different peroxidation indexes. This feature acquired with the diet may be an useful tool for lowering LDL oxidation and indirectly their atherogenicity.     

Mitochondrial Optic Neuropathies: How Two Genomes may Kill the Same Cell Type?

Ocular involvement is a prevalent feature in mitochondrial diseases. Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and dominant optic atrophy (DOA) are both non-syndromic optic neuropathies with a mitochondrial etiology. LHON is associated with point mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which affect subunit genes of complex I. The majority of DOA patients harbor mutations in the nuclear-encoded protein OPA1, which is targeted to mitochondria and participates to cristae organization and mitochondrial network dynamics. In both disorders the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are specific cellular targets of the degenerative process. We here review the clinical features and the genetic bases, and delineate the possible common pathomechanism for both these disorders.     

Evidence that specific interactions play a role in the cholesterol sensitivity of G protein-coupled receptors

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to be modulated by membrane cholesterol levels, but whether or not the effects are caused by specific receptor-cholesterol interactions or cholesterol's general effects on the membrane is not well-understood. We performed coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations coupled with structural bioinformatics approaches on the β₂-adrenergic receptor (β₂AR) and the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor subfamily. The β₂AR has been shown to be sensitive to membrane cholesterol and cholesterol molecules have been clearly resolved in numerous β₂AR crystal structures. The two CCK receptors are highly homologous and preserve similar cholesterol recognition motifs but despite their homology, CCK₁R shows functional sensitivity to membrane cholesterol while CCK₂R does not. Our results offer new insights into how cholesterol modulates GPCR function by showing cholesterol interactions with β₂AR that agree with previously published data; additionally, we observe differential and specific cholesterol binding in the CCK receptor subfamily while revealing a previously unreported Cholesterol Recognition Amino-acid Consensus (CRAC) sequence that is also conserved across 38% of class A GPCRs. A thermal denaturation assay (LCP-T_m) shows that mutation of a conserved CRAC sequence on TM7 of the β₂AR affects cholesterol stabilization of the receptor in a lipid bilayer. The results of this study provide a better understanding of receptor-cholesterol interactions that can contribute to novel and improved therapeutics for a variety of diseases.     

Transgenerational inheritance of the insulin-resistant phenotype in embryo-transferred intrauterine growth-restricted adult female rat offspring

To determine mechanisms underlying the transgenerational presence of metabolic perturbations in the intrauterine growth-restricted second-generation adult females (F2 IUGR) despite normalizing the in utero metabolic environment, we examined in vivo glucose kinetics and in vitro skeletal muscle postinsulin receptor signaling after embryo transfer of first generation (F1 IUGR) to control maternal environment. Female F2 rats, procreated by F1 pre- and postnatally nutrient- and growth-restricted (IUGR) mothers but embryo transferred to gestate in control mothers, were compared with similarly gestating age- and sex-matched control (CON) F2 progeny. Although there were no differences in birth weight or postnatal growth patterns, the F2 IUGR had increased hepatic weight, fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and unsuppressed hepatic glucose production, with no change in glucose futile cycling or clearance, compared with F2 CON. These hormonal and metabolic aberrations were associated with increased skeletal muscle total GLUT4 and pAkt concentrations but decreased plasma membrane-associated GLUT4, total pPKCzeta, and PKCzeta enzyme activity, with no change in total SHP2 and PTP1B concentrations in IUGR F2 compared with F2 CON. We conclude that transgenerational presence of aberrant glucose/insulin metabolism and skeletal muscle insulin signaling of the adult F2 IUGR female offspring is independent of the immediate intrauterine environment, supporting nutritionally induced heritable mechanisms contributing to the epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Cooperative Breeding in the Lake Tanganyika Cichlid Julidochromis ornatus

Cooperative breeding has been described for several cichlids from the genus Julidochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) under laboratory conditions, but field evidence is scarce. Here we describe the breeding system of the cichlid Julidochromis ornatus (Boulenger) in Lake Tanganyika (Zambia). Groups defended a breeding shelter under a large flat stone. Smaller group members stayed and fed under or close to the stone, actively guarded by the larger group members. Six out of 28 groups were newly established by breeders, joined by subordinates from a large pool of independent fish (comprising 50–70% of the total population), and four groups were seen to dissolve during a total of 77 observation days. Breeding groups consisted of a large breeding male and female with zero to five smaller subordinates (average 2). Larger breeders and subordinates were found in larger groups. All group members participated in territory defence and -maintenance, but the breeders were only present at the shelter 48% of the time, in contrast to the subordinates which guarded the breeding shelter 94% of the time. Smaller group members showed submissive behaviours to larger group members. We conclude subordinates in J. ornatus are helpers, but we did not find evidence that helpers increased the group’s current reproductive success. Personal observations combined with a literature review revealed at least 19 species of Lake Tanganyika cichlids show evidence of cooperative breeding, entirely confined to the substrate breeding tribe of the Lamprologini (24% of 80 species in total): 2 Chalinochromis spp., 5 Julidochromis spp., 12 Neolamprologus spp. More effort should be put into detecting cooperative breeding in American and Asian substrate breeding cichlid species.