小兴安岭十种典型森林群落凋落物生物量及其动态变化

在小兴安岭地区选取10种典型森林群落分别设置样地,研究该地区不同群落类型凋落物的年产量、月动态变化以及组成特征.结果表明:10种群落类型中年均凋落物量大小依次为椴树红松林(4.08t· hm-2·a-1)＞蒙古栎红松林(3.83 t·hm-2·a-1)＞云冷杉红松林(3.55 t·hm-2·a-1)＞云冷杉林(3.44t· hm-2·a-1)＞枫桦红松林(3.43t·hm-2· a-1)＞山杨次生林(3.26 t·hm-2·a-1)＞白桦次生林(3.04 t·hm-2·a-1)＞枫桦次生林(2.96 t·hm-2·a-1)＞杂木林(2.95 t·hm-2·a-1)＞白桦落叶松林(2.91 t·hm-2·a-1).凋落物各组分中均以落叶为主,约占凋落总量的60％以上,枝仅占凋落量的5.7％-9.4％.凋落物月动态模式主要有两种:单峰型的有蒙古栎红松林、椴树红松林、枫桦红松林、枫桦次生林、山杨次生林、白桦次生林、杂木林,高峰期在8-10月份;双峰型的有云冷杉红松林、云冷杉林、白桦落叶松次生林,前两种群落的凋落高峰期在4月和9月,后者高峰期在8月和10月.不同群落类型年凋落量差异显著,原始红松林凋落量高于天然次生林,且凋落高峰出现时问以及各组分所占比例与群落类型有关,同时也与树种生物学特性有关.     

Chimeric antigen receptor T cells in solid tumors: a war against the tumor microenvironment

Chimeric antigen receptor(CAR) T cell is a novel approach, which utilizes anti-tumor immunity for cancer treatment. As compared to the traditional cell-mediated immunity, CAR-T possesses the improved specificity of tumor antigens and independent cytotoxicity from major histocompatibility complex molecules through a monoclonal antibody in addition to the Tcell receptor. CAR-T cell has proven its effectiveness, primarily in hematological malignancies, specifically where the CD19 CAR-T cells were used to treat B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and B-cell lymphomas. Nevertheless, there is little progress in the treatment of solid tumors despite the fact that many CAR agents have been created to target tumor antigens such as CEA,EGFR/EGFRvIII, GD2, HER2, MSLN, MUC1, and other antigens. The main obstruction against the progress of research in solid tumors is the tumor microenvironment, in which several elements, such as poor locating ability, immunosuppressive cells,cytokines, chemokines, immunosuppressive checkpoints, inhibitory metabolic factors, tumor antigen loss, and antigen heterogeneity, could affect the potency of CAR-T cells. To overcome these hurdles, researchers have reconstructed the CAR-T cells in various ways. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current research in this field, analyze the mechanisms of the major barriers mentioned above, outline the main solutions, and discuss the outlook of this novel immunotherapeutic modality.     

不同林龄白桦天然次生林土壤碳通量和有机碳储量

白桦天然次生林是中国东北地区地带性顶极植被类型——阔叶红松林遭到严重干扰破坏后恢复形成的主要天然次生林类型,测定了生长季内不同林龄白桦天然次生林(20、36、82a)的土壤呼吸速率及土壤碳含量。结果表明:土壤呼吸速率的季节变化呈单峰曲线,主要受土壤温度的驱动,土壤10cm处温度可以解释不同林龄白桦林之间土壤呼吸速率86%—92%的变异,土壤呼吸与土壤含水量关系不显著(P0.05)。随着林龄的增加,生长季内土壤表面CO2通量呈增加的趋势,依次分别为740(20a)、768(36a)和809(82a)g C m-2a-1。土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数Q10亦随林龄的增加呈上升的趋势,依次分别为2.64、2.91和3.35。平均土壤有机碳含量(0—50cm土壤层)和碳密度均随林龄的增加而增加,随土壤深度的增加而减少;其中,随着林龄的增加土壤有机碳含量依次分别为43.75、47.72和55.96 g/kg,有机碳密度为14.7、18.1和18.7 kg/m2。不同林龄间土壤表面CO2年通量与土壤有机碳密度之间存在显著的正相关关系(P0.01),但其相关程度因土层而异,其中与0—10cm土层的有机碳密度相关最为密切(R2=0.908)。     

Retrotransposon insertion polymorphisms in six rice genes and their evolutionary history

Retrotransposons are abundant in higher plant genomes. Although retrotransposons associated with plant genes have been identified, little is known about their evolutionary conservation at the level of species and subspecies. In the present study, we investigated the phylogenetic distribution of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon, long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) and short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) insertions in six genes in 95 cultivated and wild rice genotypes. These six genes are likely to be functional based on nonsynonymous (Ka) to synonymous (Ks) substitution ratios which were found to be significantly <1. Different conservation patterns of these retrotransposons in genes were observed in cultivated and wild rice species. Four out of seven retrotransposon insertions appear to predate the ancestral Oryza AA genome. Two of these insertions in genes 4 and 5 occurred early in the evolutionary history of Oryza. Two retrotransposon insertions in gene 1 arose after the divergence of Asian cultivated rice from its wild ancestor. Furthermore, the retrotransposon insertion in gene 3 appears to have occurred in the ancestral lineage leading to temperate japonicas. Conservation of retrotransposon insertions in genes in specific groups, species, and lineages might be related to their specific function.     

Formation and identification of trimethylimidazole during tetramethylpyrazine production from glucose by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> strains

During 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine production from glucose by Bacillus strains, a novel product was detected and identified as 2,4,5-trimethylimidazole (TMI) by GC/MS. TMI appeared in the culture medium only after glucose had been depleted and then increased to 0.25–0.31 g l⁻¹ in 90–120 h. When the ammonium source was changed from (NH₄)₂SO₄ to (NH₄)₂HPO₄, only about one tenth of TMI was detected. Although the mechanistic events largely remain unclear, both microbial strains tested demonstrated similar dynamic processes of TMI production, suggesting that TMI formation is a genuine feature of Bacillus species. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

西沙海藻共附生放线菌的分离鉴定及其抗菌活性评价

【目的】为了探究南海海藻共附生放线菌资源的多样性及潜在的应用价值,对中国西沙群岛来源的海藻进行共附生放线菌的分离鉴定与抗菌活性筛选。【方法】利用稀释涂布平板法,采用2种不同分离培养基对不同采样位点的6种海藻进行放线菌分离;通过16S rRNA基因序列分析、构建系统发育树对分离的放线菌进行鉴定;用打孔法对无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)等10种敏感细菌进行抗菌活性筛选;对筛选得到的目标活性菌株HZ014进行全基因组测序,通过AntiSMASH在线工具分析其次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇,预测其产生新型活性物质的潜力。【结果】从6种海藻中分离得到36株共附生放线菌,基于16S rRNA基因序列比对和系统发育分析,鉴定结果为链霉菌属(Streptomyces) 2株、红球菌属(Rhodococcus) 2株、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)3株、小单孢菌属(Micromonospora) 5株和盐孢菌属(Salinispora) 24株;抗菌活性筛选结果表明,36株共附生放线菌发酵粗提物对至少1种敏感细菌表现出一定的抑制作用,不同菌株发酵粗提物的抗菌活性存在明显差异,...     

Enhanced Heavy Metal Tolerance and Accumulation by Transgenic Sugar Beets Expressing Streptococcus thermophilus StGCS-GS in the Presence of Cd,Zn and Cu Alone or in Combination

Phytoremediation is a promising means of ameliorating heavy metal pollution through the use of transgenic plants as artificial hyperaccumulators. A novel Streptococcus thermophilusγ-glutamylcysteine synthetase-glutathione synthetase (StGCS-GS) that synthesizes glutathione (GSH) with limited feedback inhibition was overexpressed in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), yielding three transgenic lines (s2, s4 and s5) with enhanced tolerance to different concentrations of cadmium, zinc and copper, as indicated by their increased biomass, root length and relative growth compared with wild-type plants. Transgenic sugar beets accumulated more Cd, Zn and Cu ions in shoots than wild-type, as well as higher GSH and phytochelatin (PC) levels under different heavy metal stresses. This enhanced heavy metal tolerance and increased accumulation were likely due to the increased expression of StGCS-GS and consequent overproduction of both GSH and PC. Furthermore, when multiple heavy metal ions were present at the same time, transgenic sugar beets overexpressing StGCS-GS resisted two or three of the metal combinations (50 μM Cd-Zn, Cd-Cu, Zn-Cu and Cd-Zn-Cu), with greater absorption in shoots. Additionally, there was no obvious competition between metals. Overall, the results demonstrate the explicit role of StGCS-GS in enhancing Cd, Zn and Cu tolerance and accumulation in transgenic sugar beet, which may represent a highly promising new tool for phytoremediation.     

红松和蒙古栎种子萌发及幼苗生长对升温与降水综合作用的响应

研究气候变暖导致的温度升高和降水格局的变化对典型植被类型建群种植物种子萌发和幼苗存活的影响,对于预测森林群落的发展趋势、种质资源保育及森林抚育更新具有重要意义.以寒温带针阔混交林的建群种和优势种红松Pinus koraiensis、蒙古栎Quercus mongolica种子和幼苗为研究对象,采用空间替代法模拟温度升高和降水变化,观察其种子萌发和幼苗生长情况.结果表明:与种源地相比,蒙古栎种子在温度升高与降水增加(年均温+4.9℃,+330 mm)或降水减少(年均温+2.8℃,-249 mm)的条件下萌发率分别下降了13％和18％,但差异不显著.红松种子在温度升高与降水增加的情况下萌发率比种源地提高了2.29倍,而降水减少时则下降了64％,不同的地点对红松的萌发率差异极显著;不同的温度、降水组合对红松和蒙古栎幼苗的生长均产生不同影响,在温度升高与降水增加与降水减少的情况下,1年生蒙古栎幼苗的株高、基径和主根长度均有明显下降,与种源地差异显著,而对红松幼苗生长的影响差异不显著;温度升高和降水增加或降水减少的交互作用使蒙古栎幼苗和红松幼苗总生物量下降,尤其是在温度升高与降水增加的条件下两种幼苗的生物量最小,分别比种源地下降了62％和20％.但统计分析表明,红松幼苗生物量在3个样地间没有显著差异.温度升高和降水变化均降低了两种幼苗的根冠比,而比叶面积没有显著差异.     

小兴安岭4种典型阔叶红松林土壤有机碳分解特性

土壤有机碳分解是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分.主要采用土壤有机碳释放速率的室内培养实验的方法,并根据三库一级动力学模型,对小兴安岭地区4种典型阔叶红松林的土壤有机碳分解特征及各组分含量进行研究.实验结果如下:(1)土壤有机碳的分解趋势表现为前期迅速,后期缓慢,并且土壤腐殖质层(A)大于淀积层(B);在4种阔叶红松林中,云冷杉红松林土壤有机碳的分解速率最大,枫桦红松林最小;土壤有机碳的分解速率与土壤总有机碳、活性碳及土壤的C/N呈显著的正相关关系(P＜0.05).(2)在土壤A层和B层,4种阔叶红松林的活性碳分别占总有机碳的0.89％-1.78％和1.91％-2.87％,平均驻留时间为12-35 d和27-58 d.缓效性碳占总有机碳的22.58％-28.44％和23.87％-42.63％,平均驻留时间为4-19 a和18-37 a.惰性碳占总有机碳的69.98％-76.24％和54.50％-74.22％,平均驻留时间为173 a;土壤有机碳各组分含量及驻留时间的大小顺序均为:云冷杉红松林＞椴树红松林＞枫桦红松林＞蒙古栎红松林.     

不同土壤深度落叶松细根分解及N动态变化

细根分解受根序和土壤深度的潜在影响。使用根序法分根,将落叶松Larix gmelini根系分为两类:一级根、二级根为一类(1—2级根),即低级根;三级根和四级跟为另一类(3—4级根),即高级根。采用埋袋法对落叶松低级根和高级根在不同土壤深度(0—10、10—20 cm和20—30 cm)进行了为期862 d的分解实验,探讨不同根序细根分解规律,养分释放及其影响。结果表明:1—2级根的分解速率比3—4级分解速率慢,这种规律同时存在于不同深度的土壤中。在空间上,低级根和高级根的分解速率均随土壤深度的增加而降低,高级根的降低趋势更明显。随着分解时间的进行,各个土层之间的分解率在低级根之间差异更大。细根分解过程中,落叶松不同根序养分的释放特征不同。N释放速率总体上随细根根序增加而增大,随土壤深度的增加而降低。