Role of Chitosan in the Regulation of the Growth,Antioxidant System and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Maize Seedlings under Cadmium Stress

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - Cadmium (Cd) pollution was becoming more and more serious; there is an urgent need for an effective solution to inhibit the harm of cadmium stress. Chitosan...     

NEK5 regulates cell cycle progression during mouse oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryonic development

NEK5, a member of never in mitosis‐gene A‐related protein kinase, is involved in the regulation of centrosome integrity and centrosome cohesion at mitosis in somatic cells. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of NEK5 during mouse oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryonic development. The results showed that NEK5 was expressed from germinal vesicle (GV) to metaphase II (MII) stages during oocyte maturation with the highest level of expression at the GV stage. It was shown that NEK5 localized in the cytoplasm of oocytes at GV stage, concentrated around chromosomes at germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) stage, and localized to the entire spindle at prometaphase I, MI and MII stages. The small interfering RNA‐mediated depletion of Nek5 significantly increased the phosphorylation level of cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 in oocytes, resulting in a decrease of maturation‐promoting factor activity, and severely impaired GVBD. The failure of meiotic resumption caused by Nek5 depletion could be rescued by the depletion of Wee1B. We found that Nek5 depletion did not affect CDC25B translocation into the GV. We also found that NEK5 was expressed from 1‐cell to blastocyst stages with the highest expression at the blastocyst stage, and Nek5 depletion severely impaired preimplantation embryonic development. This study demonstrated for the first time that NEK5 plays important roles during meiotic G2/M transition and preimplantation embryonic development.     

大鲵皮肤色素提取工艺及抗氧化研究

为优化大鲵皮肤黑色素的提取工艺条件,探讨大鲵皮肤黑色素组成成分及体外抗氧化活性,采用酶法和碱溶酸沉法提取大鲵皮肤黑色素,以氢氧化钠浓度、液料比、提取温度为影响色素提取率因素,优化黑色素提取工艺条件,用紫外-可见光谱仪、红外光谱仪和超高效液相质谱仪测定黑色素的光谱特性,测定其抗氧化性。结果表明:大鲵皮肤黑色素最佳提取工艺条件为氢氧化钠浓度1.5 mol/L、液料比1∶15、提取温度45℃,黑色素提取率达0.65%。大鲵皮肤黑色素的紫外最大吸收波长为214 nm,由真黑色素和脱黑色素两种色素组成,其对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率为30.51%,对羟基自由基的清除率为54.17%。大鲵皮肤黑色素具有一定的体外抗氧化能力。     

眼镜蛇毒中一个新的抗补体蛋白的分离纯化和性质研究

免疫性疾病、急性肺损伤、缺血再灌注损伤等病征的发生与补体异常激活密切相关。抗补体药物研究是新药开发的热点之一。本研究旨在从中华眼镜蛇毒中发现并分离纯化获得新的抗补体活性蛋白质,并对其理化性质和生物学活性加以研究。在抗补体活性追踪的指导下,采用蛋白质层析技术对眼镜蛇毒进行分离纯化;利用MALDI-TOF-MS、SDS-PAGE和葡聚糖凝胶过滤法测定目标蛋白质的纯度及分子量;等电聚焦凝胶电泳法测定其等电点;采用Edman降解法测定目标蛋白质的N-端氨基酸序列;测定目标蛋白质对补体经典途径和旁路途径的抑制活性以及可能的机制;采用MTT法和SRB法检测目标蛋白质对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用;测定目标蛋白质对多种来源红细胞的溶血活性;采用KB平板扩散法检测抗菌活性。结果表明,通过SP Sephadex C-25阳离子交换层析和RP-HPLC C18反相层析,从中华眼镜蛇毒中分离纯化获得一个均一的抗补体蛋白质,将其命名为CTX-CI。还原性SDS-PAGE测得CTX-CI的表观分子量为12.7 kD,凝胶过滤法测得分子量为9.7 kD,MALDI-TOF-MS测得精确分子质量为7.0 kD;变性条件下测得CTX-CI的等电点为9-81;N-端氨基酸序列为LKCH。相关活性测定结果表明,CTX-CI能有效抑制人血清补体经典途径,其IC50为0.046 g/L,但对补体旁路途径无明显抑制作用;机制研究表明,CTX-CI能抑制补体经典途径C3转化酶的形成。同时,CTX-CI对肿瘤细胞株A549、K562和MCF-7细胞表现出抑制作用,其IC50分别为0.32 g/L、0.58 g/L、0.63 g/L;对豚鼠红细胞有轻微的溶血作用;能抑制枯草芽孢杆菌和藤黄微球菌的生长。综上所述,本研究从中华眼镜蛇毒中分离纯化出一个新的抗补体蛋白质CTX-CI,其理化性质和生物学活性表明其属于细胞毒素,CTX-CI能明显抑制补体经典途径,其机制与抑制经典途径C3转化酶的形成有关。     

Probiotic Clostridium butyricum Improves the Growth Performance,Immune Function,and Gut Microbiota of Weaning Rex Rabbits

Probiotics could promote animal growth and enhance immune function. This study investigated the effects of Clostridium butyricum (CB) on the growth performance, intestinal immune, and gut microbiota of weaning rex rabbits. A total of 60 healthy female rabbits (5-month-old) were divided equally into four groups and mated on the same day: control group (CTRL, fed with basal feed), low-dose group (LDG, fed with basal feed + 1.0 × 10³ CFU/g CB), middle-dose group (MDG, fed with basal feed + 1.0 × 10⁴ CFU/g CB), and high-dose group (HDG, fed with basal feed + 1.0 × 10⁵ CFU/g CB). Then, 30 weaning rex rabbits (35-day-old) were collected from each group for this experiment, and they were offered the same feeds as their mother. The results demonstrated that high-dose CB treatment significantly increased average daily weight gain of weaning rex rabbits. Further studies suggested that CB enhanced small intestinal digestive enzyme activity and improved mucosal morphology and antioxidant status. Supplemented with CB, small intestinal barrier function was maintained with the upregulation of mRNA levels of ZO-1, claudin, and occludin as well as the increase of sIgA production. Moreover, the relative expressions of MyD88, TLR2, and TLR4 were elevated in HDG; simultaneously, pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, INF-γ, and TNF-α were decreased after CB administration. In addition, CB showed beneficial effects in improving weaning rex rabbit intestinal microflora via increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Therefore, our results indicated CB can promote rex rabbit growth, which is likely to the enhancement of immune function and the improvement of intestinal microbiota.

     

Axial resolution enhancement of light‐sheet microscopy by double scanning of Bessel beam and its complementary beam

The side lobes of Bessel beam will create significant out‐of‐focus background when scanned in light‐sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), limiting the axial resolution of the imaging system. Here, we propose to overcome this issue by scanning the sample twice with zeroth‐order Bessel beam and another type of propagation‐invariant beam, complementary to the zeroth‐order Bessel beam, which greatly reduces the out‐of‐focus background created in the first scan. The axial resolution can be improved from 1.68 μm of the Bessel light‐sheet to 1.07 μm by subtraction of the two scanned images across a whole field‐of‐view of up to 300 μm × 200 μm × 200 μm. The optimization procedure to create the complementary beam is described in detail and it is experimentally generated with a spatial light modulator. The imaging performance is validated experimentally with fluorescent beads as well as eGFP‐labeled mouse brain neurons.      

Pharmacokinetic,metabolic stability,plasma protein binding and CYP450s inhibition/induction assessment studies of N-(2-pyridylmethyl)-2-hydroxiymethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-4-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-benzylamino)-5-pyrimidine-carboxamide as potential type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors

N-(2-pyridylmethyl)-2-hydroxiymethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-4-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-benzylamino)-5-pyrimidine-carboxamide (NHPPC) is a new potential of type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitors, synthesized from the avanafil analogue for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The targets of this article were to assess plasma protein binding, liver microsomal metabolic stability, inhibition and induction on cytochrome P450 isozymes and the pharmacokinetics of NHPPC. Equilibrium dialysis technique was applied to determine Plasma protein binding (PPB) and NHPPC was evaluated in male Sprague–Dawley rats and Beagle dogs in vivo pharmacokinetic. The NHPPC was highly bound to plasma proteins in rats, dogs and human tested and the mean values for PPB rate were 96.2%, 99.6% and 99.4%, respectively. After in vitro liver microsomes incubated for 60?min, the percent remaining of NHPPC was 42.8%, 0.8% and 42.0% in rats, dogs and human, respectively. In vitro intrinsic clearance was found to be 0.0233, 0.1204 and 0.0214 mL/min/mg protein in rat, dog and human liver microsomes of NHPPC, respectively. NHPPC showed no significant inhibitory effects on major CYP450 enzymes, and had no significant induction potential on CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Following oral administration in rats and dogs, t_max was 6 and 0.5?h, respectively. The clearance for NHPPC was 1.19 and 1.46?L/h/kg in rats and dogs, respectively. And absolute bioavailability in rat and dog were approximately 34.5% and 53.1%, respectively. These results showed that NHPPC has a good development prospect.     

PAX3 Confers Functional Heterogeneity in Skeletal Muscle Stem Cell Responses to Environmental Stress

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Combined Single-Cell Profiling of lncRNAs and Functional Screening Reveals that H19 Is Pivotal for Embryonic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development

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Fitness costs associated with acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase mutations endowing herbicide resistance in American sloughgrass (Beckmannia syzigachne Steud.)

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