贵州稀有濒危种子植物物种多样性保护与利用的研究(附录)

全球性生物多样性保护与利用正逐步走向高质量发展,拥有丰富物种资源已成为夺取生物科技制高点的关键,因此,贵州稀有濒危种子植物多样性保护与利用的研究具有重要意义。在对贵州稀有濒危种子植物资源调查的基础上,选取具有重要应用价值的小黄花茶(Camellia luteoflora)、贵州红山茶(C. kweichowensis)等103种贵州稀有濒危植物,采用模式标本产地植物追溯、现存分布区及种群散布特征调查、物种濒危等级评估、混合采种迁地保育、生物资源测试分析与资源评价相结合的方法,开展了植物物种多样性编目及其迁地保护、种子生物学特性与种子散布及分布动态变化、种苗繁育与应用栽培试验等研究。结果表明:(1)调查评估的103种贵州稀有濒危种子植物都采取了就地保护措施,但迄今为止对濒危威胁程度减轻的效应不明显,抢救性迁地保护依然必要,其中极危(CR)23种、濒危(EN)30种、易危(VU)40种、近危(NT)7种、无危(LC)3种; 采用同一地理种源迁地保护有效种群P_n≥L_f·E_e·A_m的栽培方法,在贵州省植物园开展了迁地保护引种栽培试验。其中,国家重点保护野生植物33种、3 650株,引种栽培平均成活率为95.47%,贵州及毗邻川、滇、桂极少数地区特有分布的种子植物70种、11 010株,引种栽培平均成活率为95.80%,并且建成了活植物保育圃30 200 m²。(2)搜集文献大数据结合GIS信息追踪调查研究,发现了小黄花茶新分布区2.5 km²、长柱红山茶(C. longistyla)新分布区1.5 km²、美丽红山茶(C. delicata)新分布区1.0 km²、皱叶瘤果茶(C. rhytidophylla)新分布区6.0 km²、红花瘤果茶(C. rubituberculata)新分布区50.0 km²、贵州槭(Acer guizhouensis)新分布区0.3 km²; 新分布区种群增量对其减轻濒危程度的评估效果影响不明显。(3)选择了小黄花茶、贵州红山茶等20种具有贵州高原区域环境特色的经济植物开展了种苗繁育和应用栽培试验,建立种苗繁育基地13.4 hm²,繁育种苗73万余株,在林业绿化工程应用中示范栽培140.0 hm²(31万株),≥2年生苗木应用栽培存活率92.00%～98.00%,这为有关稀有濒危植物的科学研究及种质创新利用提供科学参考。     

Three unrelated chemoreceptors provide Pectobacterium atrosepticum with a broad-spectrum amino acid sensing capability

Amino acids are important nutrients and also serve as signals for diverse signal transduction pathways. Bacteria use chemoreceptors to recognize amino acid attractants and to navigate their gradients. In Escherichia coli two likely paralogous chemoreceptors Tsr and Tar detect 9 amino acids, whereas in Pseudomonas aeruginosa the paralogous chemoreceptors PctA, PctB and PctC detect 18 amino acids. Here, we show that the phytobacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum uses the three non-homologous chemoreceptors PacA, PacB and PacC to detect 19 proteinogenic and several non-proteinogenic amino acids. PacB recognizes 18 proteinogenic amino acids as well as 8 non-proteinogenic amino acids. PacB has a ligand preference for the three branched chain amino acids L-leucine, L-valine and L-isoleucine. PacA detects L-proline next to several quaternary amines. The third chemoreceptor, PacC, is an ortholog of E. coli Tsr and the only one of the 36 P. atrosepticum chemoreceptors that is encoded in the cluster of chemosensory pathway genes. Surprisingly, in contrast to Tsr, which primarily senses serine, PacC recognizes aspartate as the major chemoeffector but not serine. Our results demonstrate that bacteria use various strategies to sense a wide range of amino acids and that it takes more than one chemoreceptor to achieve this goal.     

Anatomic Pathways of Peripancreatic Fluid Draining to Mediastinum in Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis: Visible Human Project and CT Study

Background

In past reports, researchers have seldom attached importance to achievements in transforming digital anatomy to radiological diagnosis. However, investigators have been able to illustrate communication relationships in the retroperitoneal space by drawing potential routes in computerized tomography (CT) images or a virtual anatomical atlas. We established a new imaging anatomy research method for comparisons of the communication relationships of the retroperitoneal space in combination with the Visible Human Project and CT images. Specifically, the anatomic pathways of peripancreatic fluid extension to the mediastinum that may potentially transform into fistulas were studied.

Methods

We explored potential pathways to the mediastinum based on American and Chinese Visible Human Project datasets. These drainage pathways to the mediastinum were confirmed or corrected in CT images of 51 patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis in 2011. We also investigated whether additional routes to the mediastinum were displayed in CT images that were not in Visible Human Project images.

Principal Findings

All hypothesized routes to the mediastinum displayed in Visible Human Project images, except for routes from the retromesenteric plane to the bilateral retrorenal plane across the bilateral fascial trifurcation and further to the retrocrural space via the aortic hiatus, were confirmed in CT images. In addition, route 13 via the narrow space between the left costal and crural diaphragm into the retrocrural space was demonstrated for the first time in CT images.

Conclusion

This type of exploration model related to imaging anatomy may be used to support research on the communication relationships of abdominal spaces, mediastinal spaces, cervical fascial spaces and other areas of the body.     

Glycyrrhizin Suppresses the Expressions of HMGB1 and Relieves the Severity of Traumatic Pancreatitis in Rats

Background

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) plays important roles in a large variety of diseases; glycyrrhizin (GL) is recognized as an HMGB1 inhibitor. However, few studies have focused on whether glycyrrhizin can potentially improve the outcome of traumatic pancreatitis (TP) by inhibiting HMGB1.

Methods

A total of 60 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20 in each): Control group, TP group and TP-GL group. Pancreatic trauma was established with a custom-made biological impact machine-III, and GL was administered at 15 minutes after the accomplishment of operation. To determine survival rates during the first 7 days after injury, another 60 rats (n = 20 in each) were grouped and treated as mentioned above. At 24 hours of induction of TP, the histopathological changes in pancreas were evaluated and serum amylase levels were tested. Serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and HMGB1 were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. HMGB1 expressions in pancreas were measured using immunohistochemical staining, Western blot and Real-Time PCR analysis.

Results

Serum levels of HMGB1, TNF-α and IL-6 were increased dramatically in TP group at 24 hours after induction of TP. However, these indicators were reduced significantly by GL administration in TP-GL group comparing with TP group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, survival analysis showed that the seven-day survival rate in TP-GL group was significantly higher than that in TP group (85% versus 65%, P<0.05). GL treatment significantly decreased the pancreatic protein and mRNA expressions of HMGB1 and ameliorated the pancreatic injury in rats with TP.

Conclusions

Glycyrrhizin might play an important role in improving survival rates and ameliorating pancreatic injury of TP by suppression of the expressions of HMGB1 and other proinflammatory cytokine.     

The impact of researcher disturbance on nest predation rates: a meta‐analysis

The effects of visits to nests by researchers interested in quantifying avian nesting success have received considerable attention, as researchers have long been concerned about the possible negative effects of their own activities on the resulting estimates. There is a widely held view that investigator disturbance has an overall negative effect on breeding success by increasing nest predation rates in the nests studied. However, to date no one has statistically assessed the empirical evidence for such a relationship. We undertook a meta‐analysis of published results to assess whether researcher activities increase nest predation in birds. We also assessed the variability in this effect in relation to the traits of the study species and the methodology used. These analyses used data from 18 experimental studies involving 25 species from six avian orders. Our results suggest that, contrary to the traditional view, researcher activities do not generally affect the incidence of nest predation. Moreover, this relationship appears inconsistent among avian orders and, surprisingly, nest survival of passerines increased weakly with researcher activities. We also found significant positive effects of researcher activity on nest survival for species breeding on coastal areas and for species nesting on the ground. The possible explanation for these differences among orders and guilds could be due to different nest predator communities. This new perspective on the effect of investigators could have important implications for bird management and conservation, as well as for other fields of study such as ecology and evolution, in which nest survival rates measured in the field are widely used to test and support a range of hypotheses.     

Phosphorylation and biosynthesis of high molecular weight proteins of tumor nuclear matrix

INTRODUCTIONAsearlyasin1948wehavefr8CtionatedisolatednucleifromnormalandtumorcellsbyextractionwithiMNaCIanddilutealkali[1].Thenuclearresiduewasthenstudiedmorethoroughly[2,3].Lateron,sillillarproteinousnuclearresidueswereisolatedbyotherworkers[46]andasstud…     

Evolution of mammalian X-linked and autosomal Pgk and Pdh E1 alpha subunit genes

The phylogeny and substitution rates of the mammalian X chromosome- located and autosomal phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase genes were investigated. Compatibility analysis was used to show reticulate evolution in these genes. Analysis of the marsupial, mouse, and human phosphoglycerate kinase genes suggests that at least two recombination events have taken place, one occurring about the time of the placental-marsupial split involving exons 1-5 and the other before the primate-rodent split involving exons 9-10. Similar analysis of the pyruvate dehydrogenase genes indicates a recombination event involving exons 2-3 at a time before the primate-rodent split and a gene conversion between exons 3-4 in the human somatic and testis- specific pyruvate dehydrogenase genes after the primate-rodent split. This demonstrates that genetic exchange can occur between paralogous genes at widely separated chromosomal locations. Estimation of nucleotide substitution rates in these genes confirmed a higher substitution rate in the pyruvate dehydrogenase genes. In the phosphoglycerate kinase genes, there is no difference between the substitution rates in mice and humans and between the X chromosome- and autosome-located genes. A greater substitution rate was noted in the mouse autosomal pyruvate dehydrogenase gene when compared with the other mouse and human genes. This may be a result of either directional natural selection or a relaxation of functional constraint at this specific gene.      

川芎嗪、丹参和地塞米松对大鼠肺气肿碱性成纤维细胞生长因子mRNA表达的影响

采用免疫细胞化学及原位杂交方法观察川芎嗪、丹参和地塞米松对木瓜蛋白酶所致大鼠肺气肿形成中肺组织碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (b FGF) m RNA表达和肺泡 型上皮细胞增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA )表达的影响。 Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照、肺气肿 7天、 15天、 30天、川芎嗪、丹参和地塞米松治疗组 ,共 7个组。用一次气管内注入木瓜蛋白酶复制大鼠肺气肿模型 ,取肺组织作 b FGF m RNA原位杂交 ,分离肺泡 型上皮细胞作 PCNA免疫组织化学染色 ,用图像分析定量。结果显示注药后第 7天大鼠肺组织 b FGF m RNA表达至高峰 ,第 15天后表达逐渐减少 ,川芎嗪、丹参和地塞米松治疗 30天组 b FGF m RNA表达减少 ,但仍高于正常对照组 (P<0 .0 1)。肺泡 型上皮细胞 PCNA表达与肺组织 b FGFm RNA表达呈正相关 (r=0 .78,P<0 .0 1)。川芎嗪治疗组 PCNA表达明显降低 ,但仍高于正常对照组。结果表明川芎嗪在肺气肿发病过程中有一定治疗作用     

NT5E and FcGBP as key regulators of TGF-1-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) are associated with tumor progression and survival of patients with gallbladder cancer

Epithelial–mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are essential manifestations of epithelial cell plasticity during tumor progression. Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) modulates epithelial plasticity in tumor physiological contexts by inducing EMT, which is associated with the altered expression of genes. In the present study, we used DNA micro-array analysis to search for differentially expressed genes in the TGF-β1 induced gallbladder carcinoma cell line (GBC-SD cells), as compared with normal GBC-SD cells. We identified 225 differentially expressed genes, including 144 that were over-expressed and 81 that were under-expressed in the TGF-β1 induced GBC-SD cells. NT5E (CD73) is the most increased gene, while the Fc fragment of the IgG binding protein (FcGBP) is the most decreased gene. The expression patterns of these two genes in gallbladder adenocarcinoma and chronic cholecystitis tissue were consistent with the micro-array data. Immunochemistry and clinicopathological results showed that the expression of NT5E and FcGBP in gallbladder adenocarcinoma is an independent marker for evaluation of the disease progression, clinical biological behaviors and prognosis. The data from the current study indicate that differential NT5E and FcGBP expressions could be further evaluated as biomarkers for predicting survival of patients with gallbladder cancer and that NT5E and FcGBP could be promising targets in the control of gallbladder cancer progression.