全球啄木鸟濒危格局及研究现状

啄木鸟科物种作为初级洞巢者与蛀干害虫控制者,对森林高度依赖,是森林生态系统重要的伞护种和环境指示物种。自20世纪以来,由于全球范围的栖息地丧失和片段化,啄木鸟科物种的森林生境急剧萎缩,威胁着该类群物种的生存和繁衍。为探究啄木鸟科动物濒危情况和研究现状,本研究利用世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录(IUCN Red List)和国际鸟盟(BirdLife International)在线数据库,检索并整理出1988年到2023年以下内容：(1)全球啄木鸟的物种数、濒危等级及其变化情况;(2)各大洲的啄木鸟物种数及其受威胁物种的比例;(3)啄木鸟的主要威胁因素;(4)通过Google学术搜索等方式检索并统计啄木鸟相关文章的研究内容。结果显示：(1)目前现存254种啄木鸟,33年间全球受威胁啄木鸟由7种增加至18种,受威胁物种数占当年已命名啄木鸟物种数的比例由3.4%上升至7.0%。(2)亚洲、南美洲和北美洲各分布了83种、93种和56种啄木鸟,受威胁物种占比分别为12.0%、6.4%、5.3%。非洲和欧洲分别分布了36种和11种啄木鸟,当前没有受威胁物种。(3)农业和生物资源利用以及放牧是啄木鸟的主要威胁因素。(4)共检索到研究啄木鸟的有关文章1 024篇,研究覆盖了140种啄木鸟,其中,文章数最多的物种是红顶啄木鸟(Leuconotopicus borealis)(162篇)。研究主要集中在巢相关特征(129篇)、生境选择特征(122篇)、取食行为(112篇)、繁殖行为(99篇)和种群状况(66篇)等基础生态学内容。这些研究为啄木鸟生物学、生态学积累了一定的基础,但物种覆盖程度还远远不够。在生物多样性急剧丧失的大背景下,亟需开展更为广泛和深入的研究。本研究对全球啄木鸟的濒危格局与研究现状进行了全面的分析,以期为后续啄木鸟的研究与保护工作提供参考。     

海南省常见植物根围巨孢霉目丛枝菌根真菌

报道了从海南岛常见植物根围土壤中分离获得的巨孢霉目丛枝菌根真菌23种,分别属于Gigaspora、Scutellospora、Dentiscutata、Racocetra、Quatunica、Cetraspora等6个属,其中Dentiscutata hawaiiensis和Dentiscutata nigerita为中国新记录种。     

趋磁细菌多样性与应用研究进展 *

趋磁细菌是一类可以沿磁场方向进行运动的微生物统称,在细胞内合成由生物膜包被、链状排列、纳米级、单磁畴的磁铁矿 (Fe₃O₄) 或胶黄铁矿 (Fe₃S₄) 的磁小体颗粒。趋磁细菌在自然界分布广泛且多样性丰富,不仅在水环境和沉积环境的铁、硫、碳、氮、磷等元素生物地球化学循环中发挥重要作用,而且在污染治理、疾病诊断和治疗等方面有较好的应用。趋磁细菌磁小体由生物膜包被并在细胞调控下合成,是一类新型的生物源磁性纳米材料。相比常规化学合成的磁性纳米颗粒,磁小体具有大小均一、生物相容性高、兼具化学修饰和基因工程修饰功能等特点,在磁性分离、固定化酶、食品检测、环境监测、医学诊断、磁共振成像、磁热疗和靶向治疗等方面具有广阔的应用前景。在介绍趋磁细菌多样性研究的基础上,综述了趋磁细菌和磁小体的制备、修饰及其应用的最新进展,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

通过染色体外同源重组建立乳腺中表达外源基因的转基因小鼠

为研究染色体外重组方法在创建转基因动物中的应用,选取牛asl酪蛋白基因的5′及3′侧翼区和氯霉素乙酰化酶编码区,构建了两个具有3 kb相互重叠的融合基因.将这两个DNA片段末端脱磷酸后,以摩尔比1:1的比例混合,通过显微注射导入小鼠受精原核,最后获得了11个品系的转基因小鼠.对其中10个品系的小鼠的整合分析表明,所注射的两个DNA片段均发生了染色体外同源重组,而且除了 1个品系的小鼠丢失了大约1kb的序列外,其余品系小鼠的重组产物与预想的结构符合.在当代和后代的转基因小鼠乳汁中均可测到氯霉素乙酰化酶的活性.这表明融合基因在转基因小鼠乳腺中得到表达和分泌,也说明显微共注射两个相互重叠的基因片段是建立转基因动物的一个可行途径.     

转基因红花中角质细胞生长因子KGF-1的表达

通过构建重组表达质粒载体p139035S-KGF1和根癌农杆菌介导在红花(Carthamus tinctorius)中表达角质细胞生长因子(KGF-1)。从侵染到诱导生根共需要14周, 转化率达0.1%。红花子叶在潮霉素筛选培养基上培养4–5周后便可获得丛生芽, 再生芽移入含潮霉素的伸长生根培养基, 培养4–8周可诱导生根。通过PCR、Southern blot、RT-PCR及Western blot检测证明目的基因KGF-1已经整合到红花细胞的染色体中, 实现了KGF-1外源蛋白在红花中的成功表达, 为开发KGF-1蛋白新的生产途径奠定了基础。     

Acylation-stimulating protein/C5L2-neutralizing antibodies alter triglyceride metabolism in vitro and in vivo

Acylation-stimulating protein (ASP), a lipogenic hormone, stimulates triglyceride (TG) synthesis and glucose transport upon activation of C5L2, a G protein-coupled receptor. ASP-deficient mice have reduced adipose tissue mass due to increased energy expenditure despite increased food intake. The objective of this study was to evaluate the blocking of ASP-C5L2 interaction via neutralizing antibodies (anti-ASP and anti-C5L2-L1 against C5L2 extracellular loop 1). In vitro, anti-ASP and anti-C5L2-L1 blocked ASP binding to C5L2 and efficiently inhibited ASP stimulation of TG synthesis and glucose transport. In vivo, neither anti-ASP nor anti-C5L2-L1 altered body weight, adipose tissue mass, food intake, or hormone levels (insulin, leptin, and adiponectin), but they did induce a significant delay in TG clearance [P < 0.0001, 2-way repeated-measures (RM) ANOVA] and NEFA clearance (P < 0.0001, 2-way RM ANOVA) after a fat load. After treatment with either anti-ASP or anti-C5L2-L1 antibody there was no change in adipose tissue AMPK activity, but neutralizing antibodies decreased perirenal TG mass (-38.4% anti-ASP, -18.8% anti-C5L2, P < 0.01-0.001) and perirenal LPL activity (-75.6% anti-ASP, -72.5% anti-C5L2, P < 0.05). In liver, anti-C5L2-L1 decreased TG mass (-42.8%, P < 0.05), whereas anti-ASP increased AMPK activity (+34.6%, P < 0.001). In the muscle, anti-C5L2-L1 significantly increased TG mass (+128.0%, P < 0.05), LPL activity (+226.1%, P < 0.001), and AMPK activity (+71.1%, P < 0.01). In addition, anti-ASP increased LPL activity (+164.4, P < 0.05) and AMPK activity (+53.9%, P < 0.05) in muscle. ASP/C5L2-neutralizing antibodies effectively block ASP-C5L2 interaction, altering lipid distribution and energy utilization.     

Rainfall manipulation experiments as simulated by terrestrial biosphere models: Where do we stand?

Changes in rainfall amounts and patterns have been observed and are expected to continue in the near future with potentially significant ecological and societal consequences. Modelling vegetation responses to changes in rainfall is thus crucial to project water and carbon cycles in the future. In this study, we present the results of a new model‐data intercomparison project, where we tested the ability of 10 terrestrial biosphere models to reproduce the observed sensitivity of ecosystem productivity to rainfall changes at 10 sites across the globe, in nine of which, rainfall exclusion and/or irrigation experiments had been performed. The key results are as follows: (a) Inter‐model variation is generally large and model agreement varies with timescales. In severely water‐limited sites, models only agree on the interannual variability of evapotranspiration and to a smaller extent on gross primary productivity. In more mesic sites, model agreement for both water and carbon fluxes is typically higher on fine (daily–monthly) timescales and reduces on longer (seasonal–annual) scales. (b) Models on average overestimate the relationship between ecosystem productivity and mean rainfall amounts across sites (in space) and have a low capacity in reproducing the temporal (interannual) sensitivity of vegetation productivity to annual rainfall at a given site, even though observation uncertainty is comparable to inter‐model variability. (c) Most models reproduced the sign of the observed patterns in productivity changes in rainfall manipulation experiments but had a low capacity in reproducing the observed magnitude of productivity changes. Models better reproduced the observed productivity responses due to rainfall exclusion than addition. (d) All models attribute ecosystem productivity changes to the intensity of vegetation stress and peak leaf area, whereas the impact of the change in growing season length is negligible. The relative contribution of the peak leaf area and vegetation stress intensity was highly variable among models.