The ectomycorrhizal fungus (Paxillus involutus) modulates leaf physiology of poplar towards improved salt tolerance

Ectomycorrhizas (EMs) are mutualistic associations between soil fungi and plant roots. Although the physical interaction occurs only in roots, mycorrhizas may alter the physiology of the whole plant, resulting in changes in host responses to abiotic stress. To elucidate the influence of an ectomycorrhizal fungus on leaf physiology and performance under salt stress, we analysed the levels of nutrient elements, phytohormones, carbohydrates, amino compounds and fatty acids in leaves of Populus × canescens. The poplars were cultivated either in the presence or absence of Paxillus involutus and either with or without salt stress imposed by 150 mM NaCl. Leaves of ectomycorrhizal plants displayed higher quantum yield of photochemistry (Φ_PSII), increased concentrations of phosphorus and potassium, decreased concentrations of galactose, increased concentrations of the stress metabolite γ-amino butyric acid and a lower unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratios than those of non-ectomycorrhizal plants. Salt exposure of P. × canescens led to leaf chlorosis and shedding, decreases in Φ_PSII, K⁺-to-Na⁺ ratio, 9Z-hexadecenoic acid, 9Z-octadecenoic acid and unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio, and increases in ABA, glucose, fructose and some amino compounds. Under salinity leaves of ectomycorrhizal plants showed an alleviation of leaf chlorosis, improved water status, higher Φ_PSII and K⁺-to-Na⁺ ratio, less accumulation of major amino compounds and lower unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratios than those of non-mycorrhizal plants. These results indicate that ectomycorrhizas attenuate salinity induced injury in leaves of P. × canescens, which may be ascribed to the improved nutrient status, osmo-regulation and changes in fatty acid composition in leaves of ectomycorrhizal plants.     

植物组织中低聚糖乙酰化及毛细管气相色谱分析

建立一种用乙酰化衍生处理低聚糖并用毛细管气相色谱-FID进行分析的方法。以1-甲基咪唑为催化剂并以乙酸酐为乙酰化试剂,同时对植物样品中蔗糖、棉子糖和水苏糖等低聚糖乙酰化产物进行毛细管气相色谱分离和FID检测。确定了低聚糖乙酰化衍生物的毛细管气相色谱分析条件,并对低聚糖乙酰化反应条件及色谱分离条件进行了优化。结果表明,在80–1000ng·μL–1范围内线性关系良好,蔗糖、棉子糖和水苏糖的相关系数（R）分别为0.9952、0.9957和0.9877,并且精准度与回收率均较高。使用该方法对低聚糖进行乙酰化反应重现性好、所需样品材料及试剂量少且污染毒害小,能够得到理想的分离、检测和定量分析效果,适用于少量植物组织中低聚糖的定量分析。该方法在食品、医药检测和基础科学研究领域均具有广泛的适用性及参考价值。     

狂犬病病毒CVS-11株全序列测定及其感染性克隆的构建

[目的]测定狂犬病病毒标准攻击毒CVS-11株全基因组序列,构建CVS-11株全长cDNA感染性克隆.[方法]RT-PCR扩增CVS-11株全基因组得到有重叠的12个片段,分别克隆至平端载体pEASY-Blunt,测定CVS-11株全基因组核苷酸序列.用软件DNAMAN分析CVS-11全序列单一性酶切位点,设计引物,分4段扩增CVS-11全基因组,扩增产物经多步酶切、连接逐步插入至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1,获得全长质粒pcDNA3.1-CVS-11.pcDNA3.1-CVS-11与其辅助质粒pcDNA3.1-N、P、L、G共转染NA细胞,经免疫荧光染色、RT-PCR鉴定,拯救得到重组病毒rCVS-11.[结果]CVS-11全基因组序列由11 927个核苷酸组成,编码5个结构蛋白,结构基因排列同已知的其他狂犬病病毒一致.成功构建了CVS-11全长cDNA重组质粒pcDNA3.1-CVS-11和其辅助质粒pcDNA3.1-N、P、L和G.经共转染,成功拯救了重组病毒rCVS-11.[结论]CVS-11株感染性克隆的构建为从分子水平上进一步研究狂犬病病毒奠定了基础.     

四川美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区鸟类物种及垂直多样性研究

2016年12月—2018年6月采用样带法和样点法对四川美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区的鸟类资源进行了调查,根据调查并结合相关文献记录,统计出保护区分布有鸟类268种,隶属17目56科。其中,留鸟146种(54.5%)、夏候鸟91种(34.0%)、冬候鸟18种(6.7%)、旅鸟13种(4.9%),以繁殖鸟为主。繁殖鸟类中,以东洋界物种为主(67.5%)。保护区的珍稀濒危鸟类物种数量较多,有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类2种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类16种;列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录Ⅰ1种、附录Ⅱ12种;列入世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录濒危(EN)1种、易危(VU)3种、近危(NT)2种;中国特有种14种。各生境类型中的鸟类丰富度为针叶林>阔叶林>针阔混交林>灌丛及灌草丛>高山灌丛草甸>水域;针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林之间的鸟类群落结构相似性最高,水域与其他生境的最低。保护区鸟类物种丰富度在2600~3000m的中海拔地区最高,在高海拔和低海拔较低,物种垂直分布呈中峰模式。本研究丰富了保护区和凉山山系的鸟类资料,为鸟类垂直多样性研究提供了重要案例。     

Ebselen reduces hyperglycemia temporarily-induced by diazinon: a compound with insulin-mimetic properties

The present study investigated the effect of ebselen (EB) against hyperglycemia induced by the organophosphate (OPI) diazinon (DI) in rats. The insulin-mimetic properties of EB were investigated in vitro with the aim of better understanding the hypoglycemic effect of this compound. The protective effect of EB against pancreatic and hepatic damage caused by DI in rats was also appraised. In the in vivo experiments, rats were pre-treated with a single injection of EB (50mg/kg, intraperitoneal, i.p.). Afterward, animals were treated with a single injection of DI (200 mg/kg, i.p.). The parameters indicative of pancreatic and hepatic damage such as, serum amylase, lipase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities as well as serum glucose levels, hepatic glycogen content and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity were determined. EB pre-treatment was effective in reducing serum amylase, lipase, AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH activities, protecting against pancreatic and hepatic damage. EB reduced hyperglycemia and increased hepatic glycogen content in animals exposed to DI. In the in vitro assays, EB (150 μM) or insulin (IN 10 μM, positive control) was incubated with either skeletal muscle or hepatic tissue with the aim of measuring glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis and glycogen breakdown. EB increased the glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, stimulated hepatic glycogen synthesis and inhibited glycogen breakdown in a similar way to IN. In conclusion, EB, possibly through its insulin-mimetic action, protected against pancreatic and hepatic damage caused by DI in rats.     

超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌噬菌体F20的分离鉴定及其对小鼠败血症治疗效果

【背景】肺炎克雷伯菌是引起临床感染的重要条件致病菌之一,肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases,ESBLs)的耐药菌株增多迫切需要找到一种新的治疗方法。【目的】自污水中分离超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌噬菌体,并明确其生物学特性、观察其治疗小鼠产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌感染的疗效。【方法】电镜观察F20形态,调查其噬菌谱、生长曲线等生物学特性。建立小鼠败血症感染模型观察F20治疗小鼠肺炎克雷伯菌感染的疗效。【结果】F20在其宿主菌的菌苔上形成裂解性噬菌体所具有的完全透明的噬菌斑,电镜观察F20具典型的有尾噬菌体目长尾病毒科病毒的形态特征。一步生长曲线显示F20的潜伏期为18 min,裂解量为89 PFU/细胞。稳定性试验显示F20在pH 5.0-9.0及50°C环境均具良好稳定性。使用噬菌体F20对败血症小鼠治疗后,治疗组小鼠各外周血和各脏器(肺脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏)中的细菌数也显著小于对照组细菌数(P0.001),与对照组相比下降大约1–3数量级。F20治疗败血症小鼠存活率达到87.5%,无毒副作用,而对照组小鼠在1 d内全部死亡,可显著提高小鼠的存活率(P0.001)。【结论】新分离的裂解性噬菌体F20在小鼠体内能安全有效地治疗超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌引起的败血症,可作为生物抗菌剂的有效成分。     

植物组织中低聚糖乙酰化及毛细管气相色谱分析

建立一种用乙酰化衍生处理低聚糖并用毛细管气相色谱-FID进行分析的方法。以1-甲基咪唑为催化剂并以乙酸酐为乙酰化试剂, 同时对植物样品中蔗糖、棉子糖和水苏糖等低聚糖乙酰化产物进行毛细管气相色谱分离和FID检测。确定了低聚糖乙酰化衍生物的毛细管气相色谱分析条件, 并对低聚糖乙酰化反应条件及色谱分离条件进行了优化。结果表明, 在80–1 000 ng·μL^–1范围内线性关系良好, 蔗糖、棉子糖和水苏糖的相关系数(R)分别为0.995 2、0.995 7和0.987 7, 并且精准度与回收率均较高。使用该方法对低聚糖进行乙酰化反应重现性好、所需样品材料及试剂量少且污染毒害小, 能够得到理想的分离、检测和定量分析效果, 适用于少量植物组织中低聚糖的定量分析。该方法在食品、医药检测和基础科学研究领域均具有广泛的适用性及参考价值。     

桑树内生拮抗细菌Burkholderia cepacia Lu10-1的分离鉴定及其内生定殖

[目的]对从健康桑树叶片中分离到的一株内生拮抗细菌Lu10-1进行鉴定,并探讨该菌株在桑树体内的定殖.[方法]通过形态观察、生理生化指标测定及16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析,结合recA基因特异引物PCR检测法对菌株Lu10-1进行分类学鉴定;以抗利福平(Rif)和氨苄青霉素(Amp)双抗药性为标记,采用浸种、浸根、涂叶和针刺等方法接种,测定Lu10-1菌株在桑树体内的定殖.[结果]结果表明,菌株Lu10-1属于伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia),与亲缘关系较近菌株B.cepacia(X80284)的同源性达98%,该菌株的16S rDNA序列已在GenBank中注册,登录号为EF546394;Lu10-1菌株浸种接种后,菌株在桑苗组织中的数量总体上呈现下降趋势,到第20天后菌量趋于稳定;细菌浸根接种后,菌株在茎叶部定殖的菌量均呈现出"先增后降"的趋势.[结论]内生拮抗细菌Lu10-1归属于洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌基因型Ⅰ(Burkholderia cepacia genomovar Ⅰ);该菌株可在桑树体内长期定殖并传导,且在定殖过程中菌株的拮抗性能未改变;为将该菌株导入桑树体内进行病害的生物防治提供了理论依据.     

Demographic and genetic interrelationships among the Gavlis of Dharwad

Lot of work has been done in recent years on the genetics of isolated and small population groups. But J. Sutter (1963) notes that these studies have not yielded satisfactory results, because these investigators have applied the formulae and models constructed by the mathematicians which are based on the assumption of panmixia, whereas panmixia cannot occur in human populations especially if the population is very small. Sometimes we speak of genetic drift and selection without taking into account the fact that the population at the same time is controlled by two most important demographic parameters of fertility and mortality which can alter genetic drift and selection. The geneticists are primarily interested in fertility. They want to determine, for any given couple, the number of offspring reaching the age of reproduction. One might therefore assume that the measurement of fertility should play a major role in population genetics. Thus, there is an urgent need for the establishment of meaningful relationship between demography and population genetics. In view of the above facts, an attempt is made in the present study to analyse the “Demographic and Genetic Interrelationships among the Gavlis of Dharwad” so as to throw light on some of the complex genetic issues like endogamy, inbreeding and selection potential.