黄土高原沟壑区王东沟小流域土壤有机碳空间分布

地貌和土地利用是影响土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)空间变异的重要因素。以黄土高原沟壑区王东沟小流域(8.3 km2)为对象,在考虑地貌单元和土地利用影响的基础上,采集0—20cm样品448个,0—200cm样品33个。研究了地貌单元(塬面、塬坡和沟道)和土地利用方式对SOC含量的影响。结果表明,地貌单元和土地利用对小流域表层和深层SOC的含量分布影响都有显著差异。0—20cm土层的SOC含量,沟道塬面塬坡;塬面表层SOC含量的变化平缓;塬坡和沟道SOC变异大于塬面。0—200cm土层SOC三地貌单元差异达极显著水平(P99.9%),塬面SOC含量最高(5.37g kg-1),塬坡(3.06 gkg-1)最低。不同地貌单元条件下土地利用方式对表层和剖面SOC含量分布的影响也存在明显差异。塬面区,人工草地SOC含量亦明显高于农田和果园,但仅40cm以上土层SOC达到显著差异。在塬坡上,不同土地利用类型间,发生显著差异深度达到140cm。沟道内,林草两种土地利用类型间的SOC含量无显著差异。在估算该地区SOC密度和储量时,需要充分考虑地貌单元和土地利用方式的影响。     

Effect of papaya (Carica papaya) leaf extract as dietary growth promoter supplement in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus) diet

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the potential use of Carica papaya leaf extract as a supplement to promote growth and improve feed utilization in red hybrid tilapia. Five diets were formulated containing isolipidic (80 g/kg) and isonitrogenic (350 g/kg) levels. All feeds contained similar types and amounts of raw materials but differed in the inclusion of papaya leaf extract (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/kg feed). The initial size of fish used was 2.3 ± 0.01 g. Each diet was performed in triplicate tanks, and the feeding period was 12 weeks. Fish fed diet containing 2% papaya leaf extract (PLE) had the highest final weight, 31.14 ± 1.47 g, followed by 1% PLE (27.27 ± 1.75 g). These two diets (1% and 2%) were also showed significant improvements of weight gain, SGR, and feed efficiency of the red hybrid tilapia (p < 0.05). However, papaya leaf extract did not affect the HSI, VSI, PER, digestive enzymes activity, blood composition, and survival rate. Supplementing the diets with papaya leaf extract lowered serum urea. Findings of this research suggest that adding papaya leaf extract to the diet of red hybrid tilapia improves growth and feed efficiency without adversely affecting blood parameters. Therefore, an inclusion level between 1% and 2% of the papaya leaf extract is recommended as a feed additive to promote red hybrid tilapia fry growth.     

辽东栎林下和开阔地上短柄五加(Acanthopanax brachpus)无性系种群生长的比较研究

研究了分布于开阔地和辽东栎林下短柄五加无性系种群拆散方式、无性系的形态可塑性和分株的死亡年龄,研究结果表明,开阔地上无性系分株的扩散方式为稀疏线型,根茎长度、无性系分株数目,林下和开阔地差异显著,根茎分枝角度、无性系根茎总长无显著性差异。林下分株的死亡年龄显著小于开阔地上无性系分株的死亡年龄。     

快速检测猪肉中单核细胞增多症李氏菌PCR试剂盒的研制

快速检测猪肉中单核细胞增多症李氏菌的ＰＣＲ试剂盒与分离培养法平行检测１５６份猪肉样品,结果ＰＣＲ的阳性率为５．８％,分离培养法的阳性率为３．８％,两者符合率为９７％。实验证明,该试剂盒具有良好的特异性和可重复性,可测出样品中至少３２ＯＣＦＵ细菌,并在２ｄ内取得结果,具有推广应用价值。     

SINPV基因组酶切图谱及多角体基因的序列分析

用限制性内切酶ＥｃｏＲＩ、ＸａｂＩ、ＸｈｏＩ、ＢａｍＨＩ、ＰｓｔＩ、ＳａｃＩ、ＨｉｄｎⅢ、ＳｍａＩ酶解斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒广州株基因组ＤＮＡ,分别得到２６、２６、２４、２０、１３、１７、９、１条片段,并算得基因组平均大小为１３６．０ｋｂｐ。以ＡｃＮＰＶ多角体基因的部分读码框为探针,经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍ杂交将ＳＩＮＰＶ多角体基因定位于ＸｂａＩＯ片段上。将此片段克隆并序列分析,结果表明ＳＩ     

短期增温对中亚热带杉木人工幼林土壤氮磷耦合作用的影响

全球变暖引起陆地生态系统和整个生物圈一系列生态问题,未来全球平均气温的持续增加将使这些问题进一步加剧。目前增温、氮沉降和森林更新方式对中亚热带土壤氮磷等养分的影响已有部分研究,但增温对亚热带森林的氮磷耦合作用的影响仍然未知。以中亚热带杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolate)幼苗为研究对象,设置埋设电缆以加热土壤增温实验(增温幅度(5±0.5)℃),研究短期增温对土壤含水量、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量磷(MBP)、土壤氮磷养分,以及氮(N)、磷(P)耦合作用的影响。结果表明:短期增温对全氮、全磷无显著影响;增温第1年显著提高了有效氮、铵态氮(NH_4~+)和有效磷的含量,显著降低了MBN含量。增温第2年,土壤中有效磷、NH_4~+和MBP含量显著下降;短期增温虽然对土壤全N/P,有效N/P的影响不显著,但是增温使铵态氮/硝态亚硝态氮(NH_4~+/(NO_3~-+NO_2~-))显著降低;此外,增温显著降低了MBN/MBP,缓解了微生物对磷的限制。相关性分析表明,耦合作用不仅受N和P之间相互作用的影响,也受土壤温度、水分含量等其他因素的影响。研究表明,短期增温并未对中亚热带杉木人工幼林土壤氮磷耦合作用产生显著影响,但增温后降低了有效氮、有效磷的含量。因此,在未来全球变暖背景下,研究结果为中亚热带森林生态系统的的健康发展和科学管理提供重要的理论依据。     

黑河流域水资源承载能力分析

黑河流域属资源性缺水地区,区域水资源难以满足当地社会经济发展和生态平衡的需要.随着西部大开发战略的逐步实施,西北干旱内陆河地区水资源的支撑作用将显得愈来愈重要.因此分析黑河流域水资源现状条件下对区域经济、社会发展的承载能力,显得极为重要.根据黑河流域具体情况,结合流域经济社会发展特点、生态环境状况,以遏制并逐步改善流域生态环境为基本前提,以流域水资源承载能力为约束.首先利用水资源承载压力指数计算了现状条件下黑河流域水资源承载压力度,得出目前黑河流域水资源承载能力属于超负荷承载.水资源将成为制约黑河流域社会经济发展和保证生态平衡的重要因素.当前必须立足于当地的水资源条件,按照以供定需的原则,合理安排生活、生产和生态用水,才能实现流域经济社会和生态环境的协调和可持续发展.然后针对超载现状,对黑河流域规划水平年（2010年）水资源承载能力作进一步的分析评价,根据相关预测资料设计了3种可能情景,利用流域评价的发展系数、协调系数、公平系数和可持续发展系数,从水资源开发利用方式、社会发展方式、经济发展模式、生态恢复程度等方面分析水资源承载能力,并计算其水资源承载压力度,同时结合水资源的可持续发展建立流域可持续发展评价指标体系,进行方案组合和各种发展模式的水资源优化配置.满足流域水资源支撑经济社会可持续发展判据的方案的承载能力指标即为该方案下的水资源可持续承载能力指标. 通过对黑河流域现状及规划水平年的水资源承载能力及可持续发展度分析评价,利用水资源可持续发展战略分析,选取出了最优发展模式,为流域的可持续发展提供了基本依据.通过寻求情景方案中水资源承载能力和可持续发展度的最佳组合,实现了经济、社会与生态的可持续发展目标.结果表明：通过努力,谋求经济和社会与水资源承载能力协调发展是有可能实现的.     

Quantitative regulation of the thermal stability of enveloped virus vaccines by surface charge engineering to prevent the self-aggregation of attachment glycoproteins

The development of thermostable vaccines can relieve the bottleneck of existing vaccines caused by thermal instability and subsequent poor efficacy, which is one of the predominant reasons for the millions of deaths caused by vaccine-preventable diseases. Research into the mechanism of viral thermostability may provide strategies for developing thermostable vaccines. Using Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as model, we identified the negative surface charge of attachment glycoprotein as a novel determinant of viral thermostability. It prevented the temperature-induced aggregation of glycoprotein and subsequent detachment from virion surface. Then structural stability of virion surface was improved and virus could bind to and infect cells efficiently after heat-treatment. Employing the approach of surface charge engineering, thermal stability of NDV and influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines was successfully improved. The increase in the level of vaccine thermal stability was determined by the value-added in the negative surface charge of the attachment glycoprotein. The engineered live and inactivated vaccines could be used efficiently after storage at 37°C for at least 10 and 60 days, respectively. Thus, our results revealed a novel surface-charge-mediated link between HN protein and NDV thermostability, which could be used to design thermal stable NDV and IAV vaccines rationally.