基于红外相机技术对亚洲象个体识别和种群数量的评估

以云南西双版纳国家级自然保护区尚勇子保护区内亚洲象种群为研究对象,通过自动红外照相技术,估算了该地区亚洲象的最小种群数量。本研究于2016年1月,在研究区域内共布设了27个相机位点,野外安放时间为4个月。调查期间,每台相机的有效捕获日为9-52d不等（均值为24d）,红外相机有效捕获日621d,拍摄到亚洲象照片共1944张。通过红外相机照片开展个体识别,最终估算出尚勇保护区内亚洲象的最小种群数量为69头（其中成年象38头,亚成象15头,幼象16头）。拍到7头活动于中国-老挝边境区域的跨境象群。本文探讨利用红外相机拍摄的亚洲象照片进行个体识别的方法,指出与常规调查方法相比较的优势和不足,作为快速、实时有效的种群评估方法的价值。研究结果丰富了保护区内亚洲象种群数据库,为研究、制定和开展亚洲象保护行动提供重要支撑。     

A novel algorithm with differential evolution and coral reef optimization for extreme learning machine training

Extreme learning machine (ELM) is a novel and fast learning method to train single layer feed-forward networks. However due to the demand for larger number of hidden neurons, the prediction speed of ELM is not fast enough. An evolutionary based ELM with differential evolution (DE) has been proposed to reduce the prediction time of original ELM. But it may still get stuck at local optima. In this paper, a novel algorithm hybridizing DE and metaheuristic coral reef optimization (CRO), which is called differential evolution coral reef optimization (DECRO), is proposed to balance the explorative power and exploitive power to reach better performance. The thought and the implement of DECRO algorithm are discussed in this article with detail. DE, CRO and DECRO are applied to ELM training respectively. Experimental results show that DECRO-ELM can reduce the prediction time of original ELM, and obtain better performance for training ELM than both DE and CRO.     

5—氟尿苷的微生物转化

5 氟尿苷 (简称ＦＵＲ)是抗肿瘤核苷药物脱氧氟尿苷 (Ｆｌｏｘｕｒｉｄｉｎｅ ,简称ＤＦＵＲ)的合成中间体。脱氧氟尿苷是一种抗代谢类抗肿瘤药 ,在体内可以部分转化为氟尿嘧啶 (简称ＦＵ) ,二者具有相似的作用途径和抗肿瘤谱。与ＦＵ相比 ,由于ＤＦＵＲ的抗肿瘤活性高且毒副反应小 ,主要用于治疗晚期结直肠癌和各种类型肝癌。在国内 ,采用化学法合成的ＤＦＵＲ业已进入临床研究阶段[1]采用化学合成法生产ＤＦＵＲ时 ,由于反应过程中需将碱基或核糖残基的部分基团进行保护 ,而且产物为多种核苷异构体和其它副产品的混合物 ,需要进一步分离 ,…     

Genome sequencing and comparison of two nonhuman primate animal models, the cynomolgus and Chinese rhesus macaques

The nonhuman primates most commonly used in medical research are from the genus Macaca. To better understand the genetic differences between these animal models, we present high-quality draft genome sequences from two macaque species, the cynomolgus/crab-eating macaque and the Chinese rhesus macaque. Comparison with the previously sequenced Indian rhesus macaque reveals that all three macaques maintain abundant genetic heterogeneity, including millions of single-nucleotide substitutions and many insertions, deletions and gross chromosomal rearrangements. By assessing genetic regions with reduced variability, we identify genes in each macaque species that may have experienced positive selection. Genetic divergence patterns suggest that the cynomolgus macaque genome has been shaped by introgression after hybridization with the Chinese rhesus macaque. Macaque genes display a high degree of sequence similarity with human disease gene orthologs and drug targets. However, we identify several putatively dysfunctional genetic differences between the three macaque species, which may explain functional differences between them previously observed in clinical studies.     

Comparative Study of 1,064-nm Laser-Induced Skin Burn and Thermal Skin Burn

Infrared lasers are widely used in medicine, industry, and other fields. While science, medicine, and the society in general have benefited from the many practical uses of lasers, they also have inherent safety issues. Although several procedures have been put forward to protect the skin from non-specific laser-induced damage, individuals receiving laser therapy or researchers who use laser are still at risk for skin damage. This study aims to understand the interaction between laser and the skin, and to investigate the differences between the skin damage caused by 1,064-nm laser and common thermal burns. Skin lesions on Wistar rats were induced by a 1,064-nm CW laser at a maximum output of 40 W and by a copper brass bar attached to an HQ soldering iron. Histological sections of the lesions and the process of wound healing were evaluated. The widths of the epidermal necrosis and dermal denaturalization of each lesion were measured. To observe wound healing, the epithelial gap and wound gap were measured. Masson’s trichrome and picrosirius red staining were also used to assess lesions and wound healing. The thermal damage induced by laser intensified significantly in both horizontal dimension and in vertical depth with increased duration of irradiation. Ten days after wounding, the dermal injuries induced by laser were more severe. Compared with the laser-induced skin damage, the skin burn induced by an HQ soldering iron did not show a similar development or increased in severity with the passage of time. The results of this study showed the pattern of skin damage induced by laser irradiation and a heated brass bar. This study also highlighted the difference between laser irradiation and thermal burn in terms of skin damage and wound healing, and offers insight for further treatment.     

Zn(II)对好氧反硝化菌Acinetobacter sp. JR-142的代谢活性影响

【目的】研究不同Zn(Ⅱ)浓度对好氧反硝化菌Acinetobacter sp.JR-142生理活性,尤其是反硝化代谢特性的影响。【方法】筛选一株好氧反硝化菌,优化了最佳活性条件;分析了不同Zn(Ⅱ)浓度对生长曲线和反硝化效率的影响以及对细胞形态的影响;明晰了不同Zn(Ⅱ)浓度条件下,细胞特征活性酶-硝酸盐还原酶和亚硝酸盐还原酶的活性变化情况,分析了不同活性同关键酶的编码基因napA和nirS的相对表达量之间的规律。【结果】获得一株具有好氧反硝化功能的菌株,命名为JR-142,经鉴定为不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp.。在以琥珀酸钠为碳源,C/N为6,pH为7.0,温度30℃,转速为180 r/min的条件下,好氧反硝化活性最高。结果表明当Zn(Ⅱ)浓度为3.25 mg/L时,对菌株的生长及好氧反硝化速率有促进作用;当Zn(Ⅱ)浓度为52 mg/L以上浓度时,菌株的生长及反硝化速率均受到抑制。酶活及关键基因napA、nirS的定量分析结果显示,对照组及JR+0.05处理组的硝酸盐还原酶NR、亚硝酸盐还原酶NiR活性均高于JR+0.8处理组,在24 h时,JR+0.05 Zn(Ⅱ)处理组中,细胞的关键好氧反硝化基因napA及nirS的相对表达量显著高于对照组,这进一步说明3.25 mg/L Zn(Ⅱ)可以促进好氧反硝化过程,而在24 h及32 h时对照组及JR+0.05处理组的基因相对表达量远高于JR+0.8处理组,也说明52 mg/L Zn(Ⅱ)则会对反应产生抑制。【结论】探究并系统分析了不同Zn(Ⅱ)浓度对不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp.JR-142生长繁殖以及和在重金属锌离子存在的情况下影响好氧反硝化生理活性的影响,为后续硝酸盐-重金属复合污染废水的生物处理技术提供了数据指导。     

Pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitors of DNA gyrase B (GyrB) and topoisomerase IV (ParE). Part I: Structure guided discovery and optimization of dual targeting agents with potent,broad-spectrum enzymatic activity

The bacterial topoisomerases DNA gyrase (GyrB) and topoisomerase IV (ParE) are essential enzymes that control the topological state of DNA during replication. The high degree of conservation in the ATP-binding pockets of these enzymes make them appealing targets for broad-spectrum inhibitor development. A pyrrolopyrimidine scaffold was identified from a pharmacophore-based fragment screen with optimization potential. Structural characterization of inhibitor complexes conducted using selected GyrB/ParE orthologs aided in the identification of important steric, dynamic and compositional differences in the ATP-binding pockets of the targets, enabling the design of highly potent pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitors with broad enzymatic spectrum and dual targeting activity.     

The role of dendritic cells regulated by HMGB1/TLR4 signalling pathway in myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury

Inflammatory response plays an important role in ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) through a variety of inflammatory cells. Apart from neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes, the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in IRI has been noticed. The study was aimed at investigating whether the high‐mobility group protein box‐1/toll like receptor 4 (HMGB1/TLR4) signalling pathway regulate the migration, adhesion and aggregation of DCs to the myocardium, induce DCs activation and maturation, stimulate the expression of surface costimulatory molecules and participate in myocardial IRI. In vivo, migration, adhesion, and aggregation of DCs was enhanced; the expression of peripheral blood DCs CD80 and CD86, myocardial adhesion molecules were increased; and the infarct size was increased during myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). These responses induced by MI/RI were significantly inhibited by HMGB1 specific neutralizing antibody treatment. Cellular experiments confirmed that HMGB1 promoted the release of inflammatory cytokines through TLR4/MyD88/NF‐κB, upregulated CD80 and CD86 expression, mediated the damage of cardiomyocytes and accelerated the apoptosis. Our results indicate that DCs activation and maturation, stimulate the expression of surface costimulatory molecules by promoting the release of inflammatory factors through NF‐κB pathway and participate in myocardial IRI.     

Functional expression and purification of bovine enterokinase light chain in recombinant Escherichia coli

Enterokinase (EC 3.4.21.9) is a serine proteinase of the intestinal brush border that exhibits specificity for the sequence (Asp)(4)-Lys and converts trypsinogen into its active form, trypsin. A codon optimized sequence coding light chain (catalytic subunit) of bovine enterokinase gene (sBEKLC) was synthesized, and it was fused with DsbA to construct the expression vector (pET39-sBEKLC). Then, the plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) for expression. Under optimal conditions, the volumetric productivity of fusion protein reached 151.2 mg L(-1), i.e., 80.6 mg sBEKLC L(-1). The cold osmotic shock technique was successfully used to extract sBEKLC from periplasmic space, and nickel affinity chromatography was employed to obtain mature sBEKLC. Finally, about 6.8 mg of bioactive sBEKLC was purified from 1 liter fermentation broth and could be used to cleave one tested fusion protein with an inter-domain enteropeptidase recognition site. This work will be helpful for large-scale production of this increasingly demanded enterokinase.