影响稻褐飞虱声诱集的若干因素（同翅目：飞虱科）

稻褐飞虱ＮｉｌａｐａｒｖａｔａＩｕｇｅｎｓ（Ｓｔａｌ）雌、雄成虫均能发出由固体介质（寄主植株）传递的鸣声（振动）信号,用于交尾前的个体间通讯。雄虫对雌虫鸣声或重放鸣声录音具有强趋性。由此研制的声诱集器有可能首先用于改进褐飞虱测报的田间采样技术。声诱集效果受若干因素的影响。实验室试验结果表明,声诱集具有种的选择性;诱集率随雄虫虫龄变化,对羽化后４－５日龄雄虫的诱集率最高２异性干扰对诱集效果有明显影响;一天中,中午前后诱集率最高,９：００一１８：００的诱集量占总诱集量的５４．０％±１０．８％２诱集率随气温变化,２６℃－２８℃诱集效果最好;而室外晴、阴、雨等天气差异对诱集率无显著影响;另外,随诱集信号播放时间的延续．诱集率下降;间断信号的诱集效果高于连续信号。     

利用低温水浴鉴定水稻苗期耐寒性

高效准确鉴定苗期耐寒性是水稻(Oryza sativa)耐寒研究的前提。基于流动水浴温度均一这一特性, 建立了一种恒温水浴鉴定水稻幼苗耐寒性方法。该方法中环境温度设定为20°C, 水浴温度设定为4°C。根据对2个水稻亚种不同材料的处理结果, 总结出几种常见品种的低温处理时间与存活率参考值, 并对操作过程中的一些注意事项进行了说明。     

稻褐飞虱雄虫第二种鸣声及其生殖竞争意义

本文研究了稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens雄虫第二种鸣声(SMVS)及其生殖竞争意义,结果如下：1.SMVS是2头或2头以上同种雄虫共栖一处时才产生的特殊信号,不同密度, 不同虫龄雄虫SMVS的呜叫习性不同,虫龄和温度对SMVS有明显影响。2.具SMVS行为的雄虫在求偶、交配系列行为中的优势逐步明显,最终成功交配的SMVS雄虫达70.2%,而非SMVS雄虫仅“14.9%。3.回放SMVS录音可以显著降低稻褐飞虱交配率(下降41.0%)。 SMVS是一种生殖竞争信号,具种的专一性。     

紧穗野生稻的褐飞虱抗性导入栽培稻的研究

栽培品种的远缘野生种O.eichingeri (2n=24,CC染色体组)是褐飞虱的重要抗源。为了将原产乌干达的O.eichingeri两个编号材料的褐飞虱抗性导入栽培稻02428中,利用胚培养技术获得了两个组合的F.杂种,可交配力分别为0.36％和1.62％。所得F.杂种生长旺盛,分蘖力强,但高度不育,其花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ二价体数为0～4个,平均1.33～1.37。F_1植株用02428回交及套袋自交产生的BC_1F_1和F_2植株形态相似,染色体组均为AAC,花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ染色体构型为(12.02～12.18)Ⅰ (11.67～11.89)Ⅱ (0.04～0.19)Ⅲ,均表现完全不育。进一步检查了42个BC_1F_2植株和9个BC_2F_1植株的染色体数目,其变幅为24～38,从中筛选到2n=25及2n=24的植株各21个,其中5个整倍体植株对褐飞虱表现抗,说明两份紧穗野生稻载有抗性基因的染色体片段已成功转入02428中。本研究还发现一些株高及每穗粒数等明显超亲的材料,这可能与染色体组A与C上某些基因的互作有关。     

若干吊飞昆虫的翅振模式及翅振频率

在吊飞状态下,8目24科50种参试昆虫的翅振模式可以分为3类7型：前动类A、B、C型、双动类D、E型、后动类F、G型、本文介绍了各类,型昆虫翅振模式的特点。昆虫翅振频率与翅形态,翅面积、身体各部分的重量等虫体结构参数有关,其中,影响较显著的是翅负载和飞行驱动器官的发达程度。相关分析表明：动力负载(单位重量的飞行驱动器官所负荷的翅面积)与翅振频率呈负相关;翅负载(单位翅面积负荷的虫体重)与翅振频率呈正相关。试虫中已证实具有典型远距离迁飞行为的蛾类翅振模式均属于前动类B型,其翅振频率、翅负载,动力负载等处于参试昆虫的中间类型。     

Geographical Detector-Based Identification of the Impact of Major Determinants on Aeolian Desertification Risk

Arid and semi-arid areas in North China are facing the challenge of a rising aeolian desertification risk (ADR) due to the intertwined effects of complex natural processes and intensified anthropogenic activities. An accurate quantitative assessment of the relationship between ADR and its determinants is beneficial for understanding the driving mechanisms of aeolian desertification and for controlling future desertification. Previous studies have failed to quantify the relative role of determinants driving ADR and have been limited in assessing their interactive impacts. In this study, a spatial variance analysis-based geographical detector methodology is used to quantify the effects of geological, physical, and human factors on the occurrence of ADR in an area characterized by mountains and hills in northern China. It is found that soil type, precipitation, and wind velocity are the major determinants of ADR, which implies that geological and physical elements (e.g., soil attribute) and climatic factors (e.g., precipitation and wind velocity) rather than human activities have played a greater role in the incidence of ADR. Particularly, the results show that the interaction of various determinants causes significant non-linearly enhanced impacts on the ADR. The findings of our study will assist local inhabitants and policy makers in developing measures for wind prevention and sand control to mitigate the effects of desertification in the region.     

Effect of Young Extrinsic Environment Stimulated by Hypoxia on the Function of Aged Tendon Stem Cell

Tendon stem cells (TSCs), recently identified as tendon cells, play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of tendon tissue. Age-related decrease in the function of TSCs has been reported. Recent reports demonstrated that hypoxic condition is advantageous for efficient expansion of TSCs. Moreover, the impaired function of aged stem cells could be modulated by exposing them to a young environment. Therefore, we investigated the effects of hypoxic-conditioned culture medium (HCCM) from young TSCs on the proliferation, migration, senescence, and tenocyte phenotype of aged TSCs. TSCs were isolated, and the conditioned medium was collected. There were 4 groups: young TSCs, aged TSCs, aged TSCs + aged HCCM, and aged TSCs + young HCCM. The proliferative capacity, migration, β-galactosidase activity, and tenogenic differentiation potential of TSCs were assessed. Our results showed that HCCM enhanced the proliferation and migration potential of aged TSCs. Moreover, the senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity of aged TSCs was decreased by young HCCM. After being cultured in the young HCCM, the expressions of tenocyte-related genes in aged TSCs were significantly enhanced. Together, results of this study indicate that HCCM from young TSCs may represent an effective strategy to improve the impaired function of aged TSCs.     

Screen of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins for transgenic rice to control Sesamia inferens and Chilo suppressalis

Transgenic rice to control stem borer damage is under development in China. To assess the potential of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenes in stem borer control, the toxicity of five Bt protoxins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ba and Cry1Ca) against two rice stem borers, Sesamia inferens (pink stem borer) and Chilo suppressalis (striped stem borer), was evaluated in the laboratory by feeding neonate larvae on artificial diets containing Bt protoxins. The results indicated that Cry1Ca exhibited the highest level of toxicity to both stem borers, with an LC₅₀ of 0.24 and 0.30 μg/g for C. suppressalis and S. inferens, respectively. However, S. inferens was 4-fold lower in susceptibility to Cry1Aa, and 6- and 47-fold less susceptible to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ba, respectively, compared to C. suppressalis. To evaluate interactions among Bt protoxins in stem borer larvae, toxicity assays were performed with mixtures of Cry1Aa/Cry1Ab, Cry1Aa/Cry1Ca, Cry1Ac/Cry1Ca, Cry1Ac/Cry1Ba, Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac, Cry1Ab/Cry1Ba, and Cry1Ab/Cry1Ca at 1:1 (w/w) ratios. All protoxin mixtures demonstrated significant synergistic toxicity activity against C. suppressalis, with values of 1.6- to 11-fold higher toxicity than the theoretical additive effect. Surprisingly, all but one of the Bt protoxin mixtures were antagonistic in toxicity to S. inferens. In mortality-time response experiments, S. inferens demonstrated increased tolerance to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac compared to C. suppressalis when treated with low or high protoxin concentrations. The data indicate the utility of Cry1Ca protoxin and a Cry1Ac/Cry1Ca mixture to control both stem borer populations.     

端粒和端粒酶的发现及应用

2009年诺贝尔医学或生理学奖被授予Elizabeth HBlackburn,Jack W Szostak和Carol W Greider 3位博士,以表彰他们发现了具保守功能的端粒重复序列末端是如何预防染色体的降解与重组,以及鉴定了负责合成端粒DNA的新的酶复合物——端粒酶。端粒酶和端粒结构维持的研究为我们洞悉诸如癌症、衰老以及遗传疾病综合症等医学高度相关领域提供了新方略,并促进了目前正处于临床检测的基于以端粒酶活性及表达为目标的癌症治疗新策略的发展。综述了端粒和端粒酶发现的背景、过程及其作用。     

胎生蜥蜴的捕食行为及其食性分析

通过直接观察和胃容物分析对胎生蜥蜴（lacerta vivipara）的捕食行为和食性进行了研究。结果表明,胎生蜥蜴的捕食过程包括觅食、攻击前行为、攻击行为、猎物处死、吞食、食后清洁共6个主要步骤。在6～10月间,胎生蜥蜴的食谱中以昆虫和蜘蛛最多;不同月份的食物种类和数量不同;食物中以个体长为1～10mm食物数量频率最高;食物组成与生活环境中的无脊椎动物种类有极显著的相关。雌、雄体的食物生态位重叠度较高,而幼体和成体的食物生态位重叠度较低。