Mechanisms of chromatin-based epigenetic inheritance

Multi-cellular organisms such as humans contain hundreds of cell types that share the same genetic information(DNA sequences), and yet have different cellular traits and functions. While how genetic information is passed through generations has been extensively characterized, it remains largely obscure how epigenetic information encoded by chromatin regulates the passage of certain traits, gene expression states and cell identity during mitotic cell divisions, and even through meiosis. In this r...     

北京市三个功能区空气微生物中值直径及粒径分布特征

空气中微生物对人类健康的危害除了与微生物的种类和浓度有关外,还与微生物粒子的大小密切相关,并且不同粒径的空气微生物对人们健康影响的作用机理不同。通过定点试验调查,运用国产安德森生物粒子取样器着重研究北京市3个功能区(文教区-中国科学院生态环境研究中心所在区域、交通干线-西直门和公园绿地-北京植物园)空气微生物的中值直径和粒径分布。结果表明,不同功能区空气微生物的粒径分布相同,空气细菌,真菌与放线菌的粒径分布各不相同。空气细菌粒径呈偏态分布,空气真菌呈对数正态分布,空气放线菌的分布特征与空气真菌相反,主要分布在>8.2μm和<2.0μm级中。不同属真菌的粒径分布也不相同,枝孢属、青霉属和曲霉属呈对数正态分布,链格孢属和无孢菌为偏态分布。空气细菌的中值直径明显大于空气真菌和放线菌。交通干线和公园绿地空气细菌和真菌粒子中值直径明显大于文教区,放线菌粒子中值直径交通干线明显高于文教区和公园绿地。空气微生物中值直径在一年各月中没有明显的变化规律。     

棉花节水灌溉气象等级指标

干旱是我国棉区主要的气象灾害,构建棉花不同发育期节水灌溉气象等级指标对于优化农田灌溉、指导农业生产具有十分重要的现实意义。论文基于农田水分平衡原理,利用全国347个地面气象观测站1961~2008年逐日气象资料、89个农业气象观测站1993~2008年（其中26个站为1980~2008年）逐旬土壤湿度、灌溉量、逐年作物产量等资料,结合FAO-1979作物产量-水分关系函数,针对全国棉区播种-现蕾、现蕾-开花、开花-吐絮和全生育期的水分亏缺率、水分亏缺量与减产率之间的关系,构建棉花不同发育期和全生育期节水灌溉气象等级指标。除发育时段不同外,其他在研究站点的选择、选取的因素等方面完全一致。结果表明：棉花全生育期节水灌溉气象Ⅰ~Ⅲ级水分亏缺率(D)和水分亏缺量（辅助指标）指标分别为：15%≤D＜30%、30%≤D＜45%、≥45%和1~2水、2~4水、≥4水;播种-现蕾为20%≤D＜40%、40%≤D＜50%、≥50%和0.5水、1水、＞1水;现蕾-开花为20%≤D＜35%、35%≤D＜45%、≥45%和0.5水、1水、＞1水;开花-吐絮为20%≤D＜35%、35%≤D＜50%、≥50%和1水、1~2水、＞2水。     

江苏省区域农业生态经济的时空变异分析

以江苏省徐连、沿海、宁镇扬、沿江和太湖5个经济区及其9个代表县市区域为研究对象,基于"社会-生态-经济"的系统分析,建立了包括目标层、准则层和指标层3个层次多指标的农业生态经济综合评价指标体系,采用主成分分析方法对评价指标体系进行检验、筛选,并以江苏省为案例,综合分析了农业生态经济系统的时空变异特征。结果表明:江苏省农业生态经济发展水平的时空变异明显,空间上,徐连、沿海、宁镇扬、沿江和太湖5个经济区表现出由北向南逐渐上升的趋势,且随时间的推移逐渐上升;时间上,徐连和太湖经济区农业生态经济发展水平在1999—2008年间呈持续上升,处于良好或优质协调状态。虽然两经济区的农业生态环境-经济发展协调发展水平均较高,但差距较大,徐连和太湖经济区的农业生态环境-经济发展协调度从1999年到2008年呈逐渐下降趋势,但总体上仍处于良好或优质协调状态。     

Uncertainty in predicting range dynamics of endemic alpine plants under climate warming

Correlative species distribution models have long been the predominant approach to predict species’ range responses to climate change. Recently, the use of dynamic models is increasingly advocated for because these models better represent the main processes involved in range shifts and also simulate transient dynamics. A well‐known problem with the application of these models is the lack of data for estimating necessary parameters of demographic and dispersal processes. However, what has been hardly considered so far is the fact that simulating transient dynamics potentially implies additional uncertainty arising from our ignorance of short‐term climate variability in future climatic trends. Here, we use endemic mountain plants of Austria as a case study to assess how the integration of decadal variability in future climate affects outcomes of dynamic range models as compared to projected long‐term trends and uncertainty in demographic and dispersal parameters. We do so by contrasting simulations of a so‐called hybrid model run under fluctuating climatic conditions with those based on a linear interpolation of climatic conditions between current values and those predicted for the end of the 21st century. We find that accounting for short‐term climate variability modifies model results nearly as differences in projected long‐term trends and much more than uncertainty in demographic/dispersal parameters. In particular, range loss and extinction rates are much higher when simulations are run under fluctuating conditions. These results highlight the importance of considering the appropriate temporal resolution when parameterizing and applying range‐dynamic models, and hybrid models in particular. In case of our endemic mountain plants, we hypothesize that smoothed linear time series deliver more reliable results because these long‐lived species are primarily responsive to long‐term climate averages.     

氮素水平对初花后棉株生物量、氮素累积特征及氮素利用率动态变化的影响

在大田栽培条件下,分别在长江流域下游棉区(江苏南京)和黄河流域黄淮棉区(河南安阳)设置棉花氮素水平试验,定量研究氮素水平对花后棉株生物量、氮素累积特征及氮素累积利用率动态变化的影响,结果表明:棉株总生物量和氮素累积量随花后棉株生育进程的动态变化符合S型曲线,安阳、南京试点分别以360kg.hm-2、240kg.hm-2氮素水平的总生物量、氮素累积最多,其动态累积模型的特征参数值最为协调,皮棉产量最高。因此,可以通过改变施肥量来调节初花后棉株生长特征值,从而获得高产。棉株氮素累积利用率随初花后棉花生育进程的推进,呈现为不规则的S型曲线变化趋势,计算两试点的氮素累积利用率、瞬时利用率,安阳试点以360 kg.hm-2的施氮水平为最优,南京以240 kg.hm-2最高;施肥过多不仅利用率低,而且易造成营养器官比例加大,棉株虽可获得较大的干物质和氮素累积,但不能适时向生殖器官转移,皮棉产量降低。     

Partial nitrification to nitrite using low dissolved oxygen concentration as the main selection factor

Partial nitrification to nitrite (nitritation) can be achieved in a continuous process without sludge retention by wash out of nitrite oxidising bacteria (NOB) while retaining ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB), at elevated temperatures (the SHARON process) and, as demonstrated in this paper, also at low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. Enriched AOB was attained at a low DO concentration (0.4 mg l⁻¹) and a dilution rate of 0.42 day⁻¹ in a continuous process. A higher oxygen affinity of AOB compared to NOB seemed critical to achieving this. This was verified by determining the oxygen half saturation constant, K _o, with similar oxygen mass transfer resistances for enriched AOB and NOB as 0.033 ± 0.003 mg l⁻¹ and 0.43 ± 0.08 mg l⁻¹, respectively. However, the extent of nitritation attained was found to be highly sensitive to process upsets.     

桂林小花苣苔离体快速繁殖技术

对抗结核植物桂林小花苣苔(Chiritopsis repanda var. guilinensis)进行离体培养与快速繁殖技术研究。结果表明: 桂林小花苣苔叶片外植体的最适初代诱导培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L^–16-BA+0.05 mg·L^–1IBA, pH8.0; 最适继代增殖培养基为 MS+0.1 mg·L^–16-BA+0.05 mg·L^–1IBA, pH6.0, 繁殖系数7.0/35天; 最适生根培养基为1/2MS+0.2 mg·L^–1NAA, pH6.0, 生根率为93.6%。模拟桂林小花苣苔自然生境, 在春季对生根试管苗进行大棚移栽, 成活率达90%。根据上述快繁技术, 理论上每株试管苗每年可繁殖桂林小花苣苔种苗46万株。     

绵羊肌肉中FAS基因和HSL基因的发育性变化及其对肌内脂肪含量的影响

选取不同日龄的雄性哈萨克羊和新疆细毛羊共54只,屠宰后取背最长肌,用索氏抽提法检测肌内脂肪(intramuscular fat,IMF)含量,用荧光实时定量PCR法检测肌肉脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)和激素敏感脂肪酶(hormone-sensitive lipase,HSL)基因表达的发育性变化,并分析基因表达对肌内脂肪沉积的影响。结果表明:1)随着日龄的增加,雄性哈萨克羊的IMF含量持续上升,各生长时期差异显著(P<0.05),而新疆细毛羊的IMF含量在各生长时期无显著差异(P>0.05)。雄性哈萨克羊的IMF含量30~90日龄期间极显著高于新疆细毛羊(P<0.01)。2)FAS基因mRNA水平在哈萨克羊肌肉中初生时最高(P<0.05),然后随日龄的增加呈下降趋势;在新疆细毛羊肌肉中,FAS mRNA水平表现出"下降-上升-下降-上升"的发育模式,其中60日龄显著高于90日龄(P<0.05),其余日龄之间差异不显著。HSL基因在2品种绵羊肌肉中的表达模式基本类似,在哈萨克羊肌肉中随年龄的增加而下降,初生时的水平显著高于60~90日龄(P<0.05);在新疆细毛羊中30日龄时达到最高(P<0.01),到60日龄时下降到最低(P<0.05),随后保持这种低表达水平。3)FAS和HSL基因mRNA的表达量均与哈萨克羊IMF含量呈负相关,相关系数分别为:r=-0.485(P=0.02),r=-0.423(P=0.05);在哈萨克羊中两基因表达量水平比值(FAS:HSL)与IMF呈极显著负相关r=-0.552(P=0.01)。在新疆细毛羊中两基因的表达水平及比值均与IMF无显著相关性(P>0.05)。