Characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus Bloch)

Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized using a small insert genomic DNA library for the giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus Bloch, 1790), a commercially valuable marine fish in tropical waters. They showed polymorphism information content ranging from 0.177 to 0.775, allele numbers ranging from two to 10, effective allele numbers ranging from 1.227 to 5.012, and observed and expected heterozygosities from 0.2 to 0.733 and from 0.185 to 0.801, respectively, which we anticipate will be useful for population genetic studies of the giant grouper.     

Activation of GSK‐3 disrupts cholinergic homoeostasis in nucleus basalis of Meynert and frontal cortex of rats

The cholinergic impairment is an early marker in Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the mechanisms are not fully understood. We investigated here the effects of glycogen synthase kinse‐3 (GSK‐3) activation on the cholinergic homoeostasis in nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) and frontal cortex, the cholinergic enriched regions. We activated GSK‐3 by lateral ventricular infusion of wortmannin (WT) and GF‐109203X (GFX), the inhibitors of phosphoinositol‐3 kinase (PI3‐K) and protein kinase C (PKC), respectively, and significantly decreased the acetylcholine (ACh) level via inhibiting choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) rather than regulating acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Neuronal axonal transport was disrupted and ChAT accumulation occurred in NBM and frontal cortex accompanied with hyperphosphorylation of tau and neurofilaments. Moreover, ChAT expression decreased in NBM attributing to cleavage of nuclear factor‐κB/p100 into p52 for translocation into nucleus to lower ChAT mRNA level. The cholinergic dysfunction could be mimicked by overexpression of GSK‐3 and rescued by simultaneous administration of LiCl or SB216763, inhibitors of GSK‐3. Our data reveal the molecular mechanism that may underlie the cholinergic impairments in AD patients.     

Effect of Host Plants on Honeydew Production of an Invasive Mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Honeydew production plays a key role in mutualism between the mealybugs and ants. However, no studies have focused on the amount and circadian rules of honeydew excreted by Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, a new invasive species which has conditional mutualism with Solenopsis invicta Buren in China. To address this problem, we measured the weight and estimated honeydew production in all stages of development of the invasive mealybug, P. solenopsis, as well as its honeydew production on tomato (Solanum lycopersicun), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and cotton (Gossypium sp.) for 24 h. The honeydew excreted by each instar of the mealybug in H. rosa-sinensis was measured for 2 weeks. Our results revealed that the weight of mealybugs significantly varied at different development stages. Host plants had no significant effect on the weight of nymphs, although the weight of a single adult reared on S. lycopersicun was significantly heavier than those reared on H. rosa-sinensis and G. sp. The amount of honeydew excreted by the 1st instar nymphs in S. lycopersicum was significantly greater than that on H. rosa-sinensis and G. sp. Each instar mealybug produced more honeydew when fed with S. lycopersicum compared with H. rosa-sinensis and G. sp. The amount of honeydew excreted by mealybugs when provisioned with H. rosa-sinensis was no different from mealybugs provisioned with G. spp. while in the same instar. The amount of honeydew excreted by the 1st and 2nd instar nymphs was not significantly different on the same host plant. However, there was a significant difference between the 3rd instar nymph and the adult. The amount of honeydew excreted by a single adult when provisioned with H. rosa-sinensis decreased from 3085.3 μg to 572.0 μg in 2 weeks. The 2nd instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph, and adult excreted honeydew more frequently during the day than at night, while the frequency of honeydew excretion of the 1st instar nymph had no significant difference between daytime and night.     

菜籽饼肥对香蕉枯萎病的防效及其对土壤细菌的影响

研究菜籽饼肥对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果,探究菜籽饼肥施用后对土壤细菌群落的影响.设置2组实验,CN组为菜籽饼肥处理组,YN组为对照实验组.种植120d后,统计各组的发病率;利用qPCR技术检测2组中的FOC4孢子数量;采集2组土壤,利用Illumina Miseq高通量测序平台对CN处理组与YN对照组的土壤细菌群落结构和差异进行分析对比.实验研究发现:(1)施菜籽饼肥的CN处理组枯萎病发病率比YN对照组低63.33％;施用菜籽饼肥的处理土壤中FOC4的数量由2.94×104个/克土下降为1.96×103个/克土,YN对照组土壤中FOC4孢子的数量由2.94×104个/克土上升为4.55×105个/克土,CN处理组较YN对照组枯萎病菌数量下降了 2个数量级;(2)土壤细菌宏基因组微生物分类测序结果显示,CN处理组的Alpha多样性指数均优于YN对照组,这表明施用菜籽饼肥后增加了土壤细菌群落的丰度及多样性;(3)在门水平上,菜籽饼肥处理增加了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的相对丰度,同时也降低了酸杆菌门(Acidobact-eria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和Patescibacteria等菌门的相对丰度;在属水平,CN处理组中的不动杆菌属(Aci-netobacter)、水杆菌属(Aquabacterium)、热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)、产黄杆菌属(Rhodanobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和奥托氏菌属(Ottowia)等菌属的相对丰度较YN对照组有明显提高,而酸热菌属(Acidother-mus)、Bryobacter菌属以及Acidipila等菌属相对丰度较YN对照组有所减少.施用菜籽饼肥可以改变土壤中细菌的群落结构,显著降低土壤中FOC4孢子数量,从而降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率.本研究结果为菜籽饼肥用于香蕉枯萎病综合防控提供了理论依据.     

高压快速柱分离纯化牛血球超氧化物歧化酶的研究

以牛血球为材料,经溶血等处理和丙酮沉淀,获得牛血球超氧化物歧化酶粗品。此粗酶可以通过ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ和ＣＭ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ快速柱层析,获得超氧化物歧化酶纯品。纯化的酶比活可达１３５００ｕ／ｍｇ,经ＰＡＧＥ、ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和快速蛋白液相色谱（ＦＰＬＣ）检测,结果表明,纯化酶是均一的Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１００凝胶过滤测得该酶分子量为３１,８００,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测得亚基分子量为１５     

Drebrin在坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤大鼠远位触液神经元的表达

为观察坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤(chronic constriction injury,CCI)后大鼠远位触液神经元(distal cerebrospinal fluid con-tacting neurons,dCSF-CNs)中drebrin的表达,探讨免疫荧光技术用于dCSF-CNs研究的可能性,将雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为空白对照组、假手术组和CCI组,采用侧脑室注射霍乱毒素亚单位B(choleratoxin subunit B,CB)与辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)结合物(CB-HRP)示踪标记大鼠dCSF-CNs,观测三组大鼠行为学评分,并应用免疫荧光双标记和激光共聚焦显微镜技术比较各组dCSF-CNs中drebrin的表达.结果显示,三组中仅CCI组大鼠痛阈下降,三组大鼠dCSF-CNs均显示清晰,空白对照组和假手术组dCSF-CNs胞浆内无drebrin表达,CCI组dCSF-CNs胞浆内drebrin表达较多.结果表明,应用免疫荧光双标记观察dCSF-CNs,形态清晰,技术可靠.dCSF-CNs可能参与了神经病理性疼痛的信息传递.     

Protein phosphatase 6 regulates mitotic spindle formation by controlling the T-loop phosphorylation state of Aurora A bound to its activator TPX2

Many protein kinases are activated by a conserved regulatory step involving T-loop phosphorylation. Although there is considerable focus on kinase activator proteins, the importance of specific T-loop phosphatases reversing kinase activation has been underappreciated. We find that the protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) holoenzyme is the major T-loop phosphatase for Aurora A, an essential mitotic kinase. Loss of PP6 function by depletion of catalytic or regulatory subunits interferes with spindle formation and chromosome alignment because of increased Aurora A activity. Aurora A T-loop phosphorylation and the stability of the Aurora A-TPX2 complex are increased in cells depleted of PP6 but not other phosphatases. Furthermore, purified PP6 acts as a T-loop phosphatase for Aurora A-TPX2 complexes in vitro, whereas catalytically inactive mutants cannot dephosphorylate Aurora A or rescue the PPP6C depletion phenotype. These results demonstrate a hitherto unappreciated role for PP6 as the T-loop phosphatase regulating Aurora A activity during spindle formation and suggest the general importance of this form of regulation.