不同功率递增速率对正常人心肺运动试验整体功能的影响Ⅱ—亚极限运动相关指标的影响*

目的: 观察健康志愿者不同功率递增速率完成症状限制性极限心肺运动试验（CPET）对CPET亚极限运动相关核心指标的影响。方法: 选择12名健康志愿者在一周内不同工作天随机完成中等适度程度（30 W/min）及比较低（10 W/min）和比较高（60 W/min）3种不同功率递增速率CPET。按标准方法比较12名志愿者CPET亚极限运动相关核心指标：无氧阈（AT）、单位功率摄氧量（ΔVO₂/ΔWR）、摄氧通气有效性峰值平台（OUEP）、二氧化碳通气当量平均90 s最低值（Lowest VE/ VCO₂）、二氧化碳通气当量斜率（VE/ VCO₂ Slope）及截距（intercept）和无氧阈时的摄氧通气效率值（VO₂/ VE@AT）和无氧阈时的二氧化碳通气当量值（VE/ VCO₂@AT）。对三组不同功率递增速率下各个指标的差异组间两两比较。结果: 中等适度功率递增速率组与比较低和比较高功率递增速率组相比摄氧通气有效性峰值平台（42.22±4.76 vs 39.54±3.30 vs 39.29±4.29）和二氧化碳通气当量平均90 s最小值（24.13±2.88 vs 25.60±2.08 vs 26.06±3.05）明显好,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;比较低、比较高功率递增速率组与中等适度功率递增速率组相比,单位功率摄氧量显著升高和降低（（8.45±0.66 vs 10.04±0.58 vs 7.16±0.60）ml/（min·kg））,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;无氧阈值没有发生明显改变（（0.87±0.19 vs 0.87±0.19 vs 0.89±0.19）L/min）,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;结论: 比较低、比较高功率递增速率可以明显改变摄氧通气有效性、二氧化碳排出通气有效性、单位功率摄氧量等CPET亚极限运动相关指标;选择比较低和比较高的功率递增速率和适度功率递增速率CPET相比明显降低了健康个体的摄氧通气有效性和二氧化碳排出通气有效性。CPET规范化操作要求选择适合受试者的功率递增速率,这样得到的CPET亚极限相关指标才最能反应受试者的真实功能状态。     

Flu Universal Vaccines: New Tricks on an Old Virus

Conventional influenza vaccines are based on predicting the circulating viruses year by year, conferring limited effectiveness since the antigenicity of vaccine strains does not always match the circulating viruses. This necessitates development of universal influenza vaccines that provide broader and lasting protection against pan-influenza viruses. The discovery of the highly conserved immunogens(epitopes) of influenza viruses provides attractive targets for universal vaccine design. Here we review the current understanding with broadly protective immunogens(epitopes) and discuss several important considerations to achieve the goal of universal influenza vaccines.     

澳洲坚果MtMADS1-like基因的克隆与表达分析

MADS～box家族基因广泛分布于植物中,在植物花发育的整个阶段起着至关重要的作用.为了探索MADS-box基因在澳洲坚果花发育过程中的分子机理,本研究以澳洲坚果'695'为试材,采用RT-PCR及RACE技术克隆获得澳洲坚果MADS-box类转录因子基因cDNA全长,命名MtMADS1-like(GenBank登录号:MK491608).该基因全长967 bp,开放阅读框ORF长672 bp,编码223个氨基酸,5'-UTR和3'-UTR分别为58 bp和237 bp.序列分析表明,MtMADS1-like具有保守的MADS-box结构域(MADS-MEF2-like)和半保守的K-box结构域,属于Type Ⅱ型MADS-box家族基因.进化分析表明,MtMADS1-like与其他植物中MADS-box蛋白具有较高的同源性,且与猴面花(Erythranthe guttata)MADS-box家族中SVP254的同源性高达67.10％,亲缘关系最近.生物信息学分析表明MtMADS1-like属于不稳定的亲水性蛋白,不具备信号肽,属于非分泌蛋白,α-螺旋和无规则卷曲构成了二级结构的主要蛋白框架,三级结构中MADS-box结构域和K-box形成该蛋白的核心结构,并且作为转录因子定位于细胞核.qPCR分析表明,MtMADS1-like基因在不同的澳洲坚果品种中差异表达,在品种'333'中表达量最高,在品种'344'中表达量最低.研究结果为进一步验证MtMADS1-like的功能及阐明澳洲坚果花发育和开花调控的分子机制奠定了基础.     

中国苹果病害病原菌物名录

苹果为我国主要栽培水果,苹果产业在我国农业生产中占有重要地位。病原菌物是苹果病害的主要病原物,对我国苹果产量和品质造成严重损害。国际上病原菌物为苹果主要病原类型,其数量占苹果病原物的93.4%。我国植物病理学家和菌物学家对苹果病害的病原学进行了长期研究,描述与记载了大量国外已报道的病原真菌和病原卵菌,也描述了一些国外尚未记载的病原菌。随着菌物分类研究的深入、分类系统及菌物命名规则变化等,许多病害的病原名称发生了较大变化,对名称的使用造成了诸多不便,影响了苹果病害相关知识的交流。本文汇总了我国已经描述的苹果菌物病害的病原种类,其中病原真菌149种,病原卵菌6种,病原菌物占苹果病原物种类的90.6%。依据最新分类系统、菌物命名法规和汉语名称规则,对相关病原菌物的拉丁学名、中文名称以及病害汉语名称等进行了整理和修订。该项工作有利于相关植物病理学研究者、植保工作者、园艺工作者、管理人员及基层推广工作者对苹果病原菌物名称的检索和规范使用,促进学术交流和科学普及等。     

An inducible model for specific neutrophil depletion by diphtheria toxin in mice

Science China Life Sciences - Neutrophils are crucial for immunity and play important roles in inflammatory diseases; however, mouse models selectively deficient in neutrophils are limited, and...     

OSMRβ mutants enhance basal keratinocyte differentiation via inactivation of the STAT5/KLF7 axis in PLCA patients

Dear Editor, Primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis (PLCA) is a skin-limited disorder characterized by deposition of amyloid material in the superficial dermis.According to clinical characteristics,PLCA is divided into lichen,macular,and nodular amyloidosis.PLCA is found worldwide but has a higher incidence in South America and Southeast Asia,such as in Brazil and China (Chang et al.,2014;Tey et al.,2016).     

Single‐cell dynamics of chromatin activity during cell lineage differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos

Elucidating the chromatin dynamics that orchestrate embryogenesis is a fundamental question in developmental biology. Here, we exploit position effects on expression as an indicator of chromatin activity and infer the chromatin activity landscape in every lineaged cell during Caenorhabditis elegans early embryogenesis. Systems‐level analyses reveal that chromatin activity distinguishes cellular states and correlates with fate patterning in the early embryos. As cell lineage unfolds, chromatin activity diversifies in a lineage‐dependent manner, with switch‐like changes accompanying anterior–posterior fate asymmetry and characteristic landscapes being established in different cell lineages. Upon tissue differentiation, cellular chromatin from distinct lineages converges according to tissue types but retains stable memories of lineage history, contributing to intra‐tissue cell heterogeneity. However, the chromatin landscapes of cells organized in a left–right symmetric pattern are predetermined to be analogous in early progenitors so as to pre‐set equivalent states. Finally, genome‐wide analysis identifies many regions exhibiting concordant chromatin activity changes that mediate the co‐regulation of functionally related genes during differentiation. Collectively, our study reveals the developmental and genomic dynamics of chromatin activity at the single‐cell level.     

Prostaglandin E3 attenuates macrophage-associated inflammation and prostate tumour growth by modulating polarization

Alternative polarization of macrophages regulates multiple biological processes. While M1-polarized macrophages generally mediate rapid immune responses, M2-polarized macrophages induce chronic and mild immune responses. In either case, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-derived lipid mediators act as both products and regulators of macrophages. Prostaglandin E₃ (PGE₃) is an eicosanoid derived from eicosapentaenoic acid, which is converted by cyclooxygenase, followed by prostaglandin E synthase successively. We found that PGE₃ played an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting LPS and interferon-γ-induced M1 polarization and promoting interleukin-4-mediated M2 polarization (M2a). Further, we found that although PGE₃ had no direct effect on the growth of prostate cancer cells in vitro, PGE₃ could inhibit prostate cancer in vivo in a nude mouse model of neoplasia. Notably, we found that PGE₃ significantly inhibited prostate cancer cell growth in a cancer cell-macrophage co-culture system. Experimental results showed that PGE₃ inhibited the polarization of tumour-associated M2 macrophages (TAM), consequently producing indirect anti-tumour activity. Mechanistically, we identified that PGE₃ regulated the expression and activation of protein kinase A, which is critical for macrophage polarization. In summary, this study indicates that PGE₃ can selectively promote M2a polarization, while inhibiting M1 and TAM polarization, thus exerting an anti-inflammatory effect and anti-tumour effect in prostate cancer.     

Development and validation of glycolysis-related prognostic score for prediction of prognosis and chemosensitivity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy with aggressive biological behaviour. Its rapid proliferation and tumour growth require reprogramming of glucose metabolism or the Warburg effect. However, the association between glycolysis-related genes with clinical features and prognosis of PDAC is still unknown. Here, we used the meta-analysis to correlate the hazard ratios (HR) of 106 glycolysis genes from MSigDB by the cox proportional hazards regression analysis in 6 clinical data sets of PDAC patients to form a training cohort, and a single group of PDAC patients from the TCGA, ICGC, Arrayexpress and GEO databases to form the validation cohort. Then, a glycolysis-related prognosis (GRP) score based on 29 glycolysis prognostic genes was established in 757 PDAC patients from the training composite cohort and validated in 267 ICGC-CA validation cohort (all P < .05). In addition, including PADC, the prognostic value was also confirmed in other 7 out of 30 pan-cancer cohorts. The GRP score was significantly related to specific metabolism pathways, immune genes and immune cells in the patients with PADC (all P < .05). Finally, by combining with immune cells, the GRP score also well-predicted the chemosensitivity of patients with PADC in the TCGA cohort (AUC = 0.709). In conclusion, this study developed a GRP score for patients with PDAC in predicting prognosis and chemosensitivity for PDAC.