神经毒素BMAA在淡水池塘水体中的健康风险及调控技术

为掌握中国常见淡水养殖生态系统中神经毒素β-N-甲氨基-L-丙氨酸BMAA的污染水平,文章选取典型淡水养殖池塘的水体、底泥及6种水产品(河蚬、铜锈环棱螺、日本沼虾、中华绒螯蟹、青鱼和鲫)进行BMAA的含量检测,在此基础上开展BMAA对人体的健康风险评估.同时采用L-半胱氨酸修饰后的氧化石墨烯为载体,结合化感物质"没食子...     

Rangewide Genetic Diversity in Natural Populations of Chinese Pine (Pinus tabulaeformis)

Thirteen natural populations from throughout the range of the Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) were examined using inter-simple sequence repeat markers to characterize the genetic structure at the species level and to compare the extent and distribution of genetic variation among central, intermediate, and marginal populations. Although the total genetic variation in the Chinese pine was mainly maintained within populations, the genetic differentiation among populations was significant (P < 0.001). The genetic divergence was significantly correlated with geographic distance (P < 0.05). Genetic diversity tended to decrease from the central to intermediate and marginal populations. The marginal populations had significantly lower intrapopulation genetic diversity than central populations (P < 0.05). Cluster analysis based on Nei’s unbiased genetic distances confirmed the difference among four central populations and the rest. Both historical and contemporary factors may have played key roles in shaping the spatial genetic structure of this species.     

Human acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (acat1) sequences located in two different chromosomes (7 and 1) are required to produce a novel ACAT1 isoenzyme with additional sequence at the N terminus

A rare form of human ACAT1 mRNA, containing the optional long 5'-untranslated region, is produced as a 4.3-kelonucleotide chimeric mRNA through a novel interchromosomal trans-splicing of two discontinuous RNAs transcribed from chromosomes 1 and 7. To investigate its function, we express the chimeric ACAT1 mRNA in Chinese hamster ovary cells and show that it can produce a larger ACAT1 protein, with an apparent molecular mass of 56 kDa on SDS-PAGE, in addition to the normal, 50-kDa ACAT1 protein, which is produced from the ACAT1 mRNAs without the optional long 5'-untranslated repeat. To produce the 56-kDa ACAT1, acat1 sequences located at both chromosomes 7 and 1 are required. The 56-kDa ACAT1 can be recognized by specific antibodies prepared against the predicted additional amino acid sequence located upstream of the N-terminal of the ACAT1(ORF). The translation initiation codon for the 56-kDa protein is GGC, which encodes for glycine, as deduced by mutation analysis and mass spectrometry. Similar to the 50-kDa protein, when expressed alone, the 56-kDa ACAT1 is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and is enzymatically active. The 56-kDa ACAT1 is present in native human cells, including human monocyte-derived macrophages. Our current results show that the function of the chimeric ACAT1 mRNA is to increase the ACAT enzyme diversity by producing a novel isoenzyme. To our knowledge, our result provides the first mammalian example that a trans-spliced mRNA produces a functional protein.     

ChAy/Bx, a novel chimeric high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit gene apparently created by homoeologous recombination in Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides

High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) are of considerable interest, because they play a crucial role in determining dough viscoelastic properties and end-use quality of wheat flour. In this paper, ChAy/Bx, a novel chimeric HMW-GS gene from Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (AABB, 2n = 4x = 28) accession D129, was isolated and characterized. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis revealed that the electrophoretic mobility of the glutenin subunit encoded by ChAy/Bx was slightly faster than that of 1Dy12. The complete ORF of ChAy/Bx contained 1671 bp encoding a deduced polypeptide of 555 amino acid residues (or 534 amino acid residues for the mature protein), making it the smallest HMW-GS gene known from Triticum species. Sequence analysis showed that ChAy/Bx was neither a conventional x-type nor a conventional y-type subunit gene, but a novel chimeric gene. Its first 1305 nt sequence was highly homologous with the corresponding sequence of 1Ay type genes, while its final 366 nt sequence was highly homologous with the corresponding sequence of 1Bx type genes. The mature ChAy/Bx protein consisted of the N-terminus of 1Ay type subunit (the first 414 amino acid residues) and the C-terminus of 1Bx type subunit (the final 120 amino acid residues). Secondary structure prediction showed that ChAy/Bx contained some domains of 1Ay subunit and some domains of 1Bx subunit. The special structure of this HMW glutenin chimera ChAy/Bx subunit might have unique effects on the end-use quality of wheat flour. Here we propose that homoeologous recombination might be a novel pathway for allelic variation or molecular evolution of HMW-GSs.     

青虾咽侧体抑制激素基因全长cDNA序列的克隆及表达分析

咽侧体抑制激素(Allatostatin, AST)是一类由几至几十个氨基酸构成的神经肽类激素, 在甲壳动物中刺激下颌器官合成甲基法尼酯, 影响甲壳动物的蜕皮和生殖。然而AST基因在甲壳动物中的克隆和表达却罕见报道。研究克隆了青虾的AST基因全长cDNA序列, 在甲壳动物中使用荧光定量PCR技术检测了AST基因在不同组织中的表达。青虾AST基因cDNA全长2995 bp, 包括242 bp的5′非编码区(UTR), 647 bp的3′UTR, 2106 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)。开放阅读框编码701个氨基酸, 可转录翻译出35个AST多肽, 在C末端都具有相同的Y/FXFGL-amide结构, 属于A型-AST。氨基酸序列比对显示保守氨基酸为Tyr、Ala、Phe、Gly、Leu。蛋白相似度比对显示, AST多肽在无脊椎动物的进化中是相对保守的。系统进化树分析表明, 青虾AST多肽与罗氏沼虾聚在一起, 具有最近的亲缘关系。荧光定量PCR检测显示, AST基因在所有被检测组织中均有表达, 由高到低依次为: 肝胰脏>肠道>精巢>脑>心脏>卵巢。对青虾AST基因全长cDNA序列克隆和表达的研究为更进一步的了解AST多肽在青虾中的重要功能奠定了基础。     

胞外三磷酸腺苷通过一氧化氮调节镉诱导的氧化压力和细胞死亡

采用液体悬浮培养方法,研究胞外三磷酸腺苷(ATP)通过一氧化碳(NO)调节镉诱导对烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)悬浮细胞氧化压力和死亡水平的影响。结果显示,镉离子(Cd^2+)可以以剂量依赖的模式引起烟草悬浮细胞氧化压力和死亡水平的上升,而施加外源ATP可有效缓解Cd^2+诱导的氧化压力和细胞死亡。进一步研究发现,和外源ATP的缓解作用相似,NO的供体硝普钠(SNP)同样可以缓解Cd^2+诱导的氧化压力和细胞死亡水平的上升;且NO合成抑制剂(L-NAME)可部分解除外源ATP的缓解作用。研究结果表明外源ATP可通过NO调节镉诱导的氧化压力和细胞死亡。     

Molecular characterization and expression analysis on two isogenes encoding 3-deoxy-<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">arabino</Emphasis>-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase in grapes

3-Deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAHPS) is an entry enzyme of the shikimate pathway that connects primary carbohydrate metabolism with the biosynthesis of most secondary metabolites in plants. In the present study, two DAHPS cDNAs were cloned from grape berries (Vitis vinifera) and designated as VvDAHPS-1 and VvDAHPS-2. These two cDNA sequences share 75.7% of the identities. Their DNA corresponding to the two isogenes both contain four introns. The deduced proteins from two cDNAs had different NH₄-terminal regions and putative mature regions sharing sequence, molecular size and pI value similarity. Both of VvDAHPSs had a close evolution relationship with Populus trichocarpa DAHPSs. The prokaryotically-expressed VvDAHPSs both manifested DAHPS catalytic activity and Mn²⁺-activated effects. Analysis by real time-PCR showed that VvDAHPS-1 and VvDAHPS-2 were expressed in all the tested tissues, but their expression patterns accompanying with berry mature varied in the skin, pulp and seeds. The results give new insight into further study on regulatory mechanism of grape phenolics biosynthesis.     

不同抽薹性不结球白菜抽薹过程中碳氮指标的分析

以抽薹性不同的不结球白菜自交系为材料,研究了抽薹前后6个发育阶段叶片中碳水化合物、可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明,可溶性总糖、蔗糖、淀粉含量在花芽分化时不断升高,分化完成后下降,抽薹时又有所升高;还原糖仅在花芽分化中期升高;三个自交系相比,晚抽薹自交系08-1P-89在花芽分化时糖含量最高;可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸变化趋势与可溶性总糖基本一致,但游离氨基酸含量在抽薹时明显下降,整个过程中晚抽薹自交系含量都最高;在花芽分化过程和抽薹期,碳氮比呈升高趋势。     

Novel antiphytopathogenic compound 2-heptyl-5-hexylfuran-3-carboxylic acid, produced by newly isolated Pseudomonas sp. strain SJT25

Pseudomonas sp. strain SJT25, which strongly antagonizes plant pathogens, was isolated from rice rhizosphere soil by a bioactivity-guided approach. A novel antiphytopathogenic compound was isolated from the fermentation broth of Pseudomonas sp. SJT25 and identified as 2-heptyl-5-hexylfuran-3-carboxylic acid. This compound showed antimicrobial activities both in vitro and in vivo.