南亚热带森林演替过程中小气候的改变及对气候变化的响应

区域水热格局变化和系统演替深刻影响森林内部小气候,不同演替阶段森林内部水热环境对气候变化的响应和反馈作用有待进一步认识和评估。以南亚热带地区的3种不同演替阶段代表性森林生态系统统(人工恢复的马尾松针叶林(Pinus massoniana coniferous forest,PF)、马尾松针阔叶混交林(mixed Pinus massoniana/broad-leaved forest,MF)和季风常绿阔叶林(monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest,MEBF))为研究对象,通过分析其林内小气候林型间差异以及时间序列上的动态变化,探讨森林系统内部水热环境的改变机理。结果表明:演替驱动下,随着PF→MF→MEBF的正向发展,林内温度条件如气温、土壤温度逐渐降低,林内相对湿度、土壤层及凋落物含水量等水分状况逐步升高。不同林型在"雨热同期"的南亚热带地区其"降温效应"有差,演替初期的PF干、湿季"降温效应"分别为7.9%和3.6%,中期MF分别为11.6%和6.4%,顶级群落MEBF干、湿季"降温效应"可达15.7%和10.5%。总体上,随演替"降温增湿"效应越来越显著,且"降温"表现为干季更明显,而"增湿"表现为湿季明显。此外,演替驱动下后期森林对高温及土壤温度的调节作用更为突出。时间序列上,区域降水趋于"极端化"的格局影响下,森林生态系统的水分固持能力下降。主要表现为:自1984年以来,3种林型0—50cm土壤含水量均呈显著降低的趋势(P0.001),且湿季土壤含水量下降速率高于干季,林型间在全年及湿季均为MFMEBFPF,干季为MEBFMFPF。虽然研究期间3种林型林内气温、土壤温度无明显趋势性变化,但顶级群落MEBF林内相对湿度(P=0.021)、凋落物自然状态下含水量(P=0.003)在年际尺度上均呈现显著下降的趋势。与土壤含水量干、湿季下降速率的格局一致,二者也均为湿季大于干季。研究认为,成熟森林可能在当前南亚热带区域气候变化及水热格局改变背景影响下更为敏感和脆弱。     

基因体外诱变的一种新方法

在PCR的过程中,采用5溴脱氧尿苷三磷酸（BrdUTP）部分取代脱氧胸苷三磷酸(dTTP)的方法,对克隆的野油菜黄单胞菌的α淀粉酶基因进行了体外诱变。结果表明,BrdUTP浓度越高,诱变越强;浓度越低,诱变越弱。当BrdUTP浓度为dTTP的0.1%时,可以得到最多的正诱变结果。用LBSP鉴别培养基初筛,然后用Yoo改良法测定酶活,仅一轮诱变就获得了其表达产物α-淀粉酶的酶活分别降低了5倍和提高了20倍的两个突变基因。再以后者为PCR模板进行第二轮诱变,从而筛选到了α-淀粉酶的酶活提高40倍的突变体。此诱变方法克服了用碱基类似物在体内诱变由于核酸复制酶等的校正作用而造成诱变无效的难题,并为基因的体外诱变找到了一条新途径。     

种植密度对冬小麦根系时空分布和氮素利用效率的影响

在大田条件下,以大穗型品种泰农18和中穗型品种山农15为材料,研究不同种植密度(泰农18:每公顷135、270、405万株;山农15:每公顷172.5、345、517.5万株)对冬小麦根系时空分布和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明:在整个生育期,随种植密度的增加,泰农18的根长密度、根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积均显著增加;在生育后期,山农15的根长密度、根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积在种植密度为每公顷345万株时最大.泰农18的籽粒产量、氮肥吸收利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素利用效率在种植密度为每公顷405万株时最高,山农15在种植密度为每公顷345万株时最高,但与种植密度为每公顷517.5万株的处理差异不显著.随种植密度的增加,冬小麦成熟期土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮在不同土层的积累量均降低.泰农18和山农15种植密度分别为每公顷405万株和345万株时,是兼顾高产和高效利用氮素的适宜种植密度.     

Choice of Allocations and Constructs for Attributional or Consequential Life Cycle Assessment and Input‐Output Analysis

The divide between attributional and consequential research perspectives partly overlaps with the long‐standing methodological discussions in the life cycle assessment (LCA) and input‐output analysis (IO) research communities on the choice of techniques and models for dealing with situations of coproduction. The recent harmonization of LCA allocations and IO constructs revealed a more diverse set of coproduction models than had previously been understood. This increased flexibility and transparency in inventory modeling warrants a re‐evaluation of the treatment of coproduction in analyses with attributional and consequential perspectives. In the present article, the main types of coproductions situations and of coproduction models are reviewed, along with key desirable characteristics of attributional and consequential studies. A concordance analysis leads to clear recommendations, which call for important refinements to current guidelines for both LCA/IO practitioners and database developers. We notably challenge the simple association between, on the one hand, attributional LCA and partition allocation, and on the one hand, consequential LCA and substitution modeling.     

投加酞酸酯的构建湿地基质微生物活性的研究

在复合垂直流构建湿地系统的源水中连续投加酞酸酯达一年之久,并对该系统基质中的微生物数量、酶活性(脲酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶)以及呼吸作用强度等各项指标进行了测定。结果表明下行流池微生物活性明显高于上行流池;实验系统中酞酸酯对微生物的生长没有表现出抑制作用,相反促进真菌类微生物的生长,其中真菌数量是对照系统的4．6—5．5倍;实验系统中酶活与呼吸作用强度也比对照系统高出1．0—5．9倍;分别投加长链和短链酞酸酯的实验系统之间微生物数量差别不显。从湿地生物膜的研究结果来看,生物膜量为1—6mg／g,生物膜的酶活性在基质酶活中所占比重很大,达到70％以上,生物膜的脱氢酶甚至比基质酶活高出10倍以上,说明生物膜是湿地基质微生物的主要活性部分。     

StructureSelector: A web‐based software to select and visualize the optimal number of clusters using multiple methods

Inferences of population genetic structure are of great importance to the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology. The program structure has been widely used to infer population genetic structure. However, previous studies demonstrated that uneven sampling often leads to wrong inferences on hierarchical structure. The most widely used ΔK method tends to identify the uppermost hierarchy of population structure. Recently, four alternative statistics (medmedk , medmeak , maxmedk and maxmeak ) were proposed, which appear to be more accurate than the previously used methods for both even and uneven sampling data. However, the lack of easy‐to‐use software limits the use of these appealing new estimators. Here, we developed a web‐based user‐friendly software structureselector to calculate the four appealing alternative statistics together with the commonly used Ln Pr(X|K) and ΔK statistics. structureselector accepts the result files of structure , admixture or faststructure as input files. It reports the “best” K for each estimator, and the results are available as HTML or tab separated tables. The program can also generate graphical representations for specific K, which can be easily downloaded from the server. The software is freely available at http://lmme.qdio.ac.cn/StructureSelector/ .     

A synthesis of methane emissions from 71 northern,temperate, and subtropical wetlands

Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane. Here, we assess controls on methane flux using a database of approximately 19 000 instantaneous measurements from 71 wetland sites located across subtropical, temperate, and northern high latitude regions. Our analyses confirm general controls on wetland methane emissions from soil temperature, water table, and vegetation, but also show that these relationships are modified depending on wetland type (bog, fen, or swamp), region (subarctic to temperate), and disturbance. Fen methane flux was more sensitive to vegetation and less sensitive to temperature than bog or swamp fluxes. The optimal water table for methane flux was consistently below the peat surface in bogs, close to the peat surface in poor fens, and above the peat surface in rich fens. However, the largest flux in bogs occurred when dry 30‐day averaged antecedent conditions were followed by wet conditions, while in fens and swamps, the largest flux occurred when both 30‐day averaged antecedent and current conditions were wet. Drained wetlands exhibited distinct characteristics, e.g. the absence of large flux following wet and warm conditions, suggesting that the same functional relationships between methane flux and environmental conditions cannot be used across pristine and disturbed wetlands. Together, our results suggest that water table and temperature are dominant controls on methane flux in pristine bogs and swamps, while other processes, such as vascular transport in pristine fens, have the potential to partially override the effect of these controls in other wetland types. Because wetland types vary in methane emissions and have distinct controls, these ecosystems need to be considered separately to yield reliable estimates of global wetland methane release.     

基于多目标灰色局势决策的三峡库区防护林类型空间优化配置

基于2007年Landsat TM遥感影像和影响防护林的主导环境因子,对三峡库区的森林立地进行分类,并通过选取水源涵养量、生物量和林分生产力3个指标,利用多目标灰色局势决策模型对库区现有的针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林和灌木林4种防护林类型进行空间优化配置.结果表明： 2007年,三峡库区森林立地可划分为40种类型;空间配置优化后,研究区针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林和灌木林的面积比例分别为32.55%、29.43%、34.95%和3.07%.与优化前相比,优化后针叶林和灌木林的面积比例分别减少了8.79%和28.55%,阔叶林和针阔混交林分别增加了10.23%和27.11%.通过防护林类型的空间优化,三峡库区整体的水源涵养能力、生物量和林分生产力分别增加14.09×10⁸ m³、0.35×10⁸ t和1.08×10⁶ t.     

棕色固氮菌突变种UW45的固氮酶钼铁蛋白（NifB-Av1）结晶

经两次DE52和Sephacryl s一300柱层析,从棕色固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann)突变利UW45粗提液(37 677mg蛋白)中纯化得到628 mg的NifB^-Av1。经考马斯亮蓝R-250染色的SDS凝胶电泳分析表明,该蛋白基本达到SDS凝胶电泳纯,组成它的亚单位的种类与Av1(α和β亚单位)相似。NifB^-Av1不能与NifB^-Av2重组成具放氢活性的固氮酶,但可使与其保温重组的FeMoco显出高活性。在合适条件下,NifB^-Av1可在结晶溶液中析出棕色短斜四棱柱晶体,目前所得最大晶体的二维边长均为0．1mm。能否出现晶体以及出晶时间、晶体数目、大小、质量和形状等,与沉淀剂溶液各组分的种类和浓度、结晶方法、实验操作等因素密切相关。初步结果表明,所得晶体为NifB^-AV1单晶。