中微量元素和有益元素对水稻生长和吸收镉的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了中微量元素和有益元素对水稻生长和吸收镉的影响。结果表明,在所有测试的元素和施用方法中,硅酸钠叶面喷施显著增加稻谷产量,而碳酸钙、硼酸、硅酸钠土施和亚硒酸钠显著降低了稻谷产量。镁、锌、铁的盐酸盐形态对水稻籽粒的增产效果优于硫酸盐形态,而钙、铜的硫酸盐形态增产效果略高于盐酸盐形态。在钙、镁、硫三种中量元素中,钙增加了水稻籽粒中的Cd浓度和吸收量,而镁和硫则降低了籽粒中的Cd浓度和吸收量,以硫磺粉处理为最低。稻草中的Cd浓度和总量均以氯化镁处理为最高,硫磺粉处理最低。镁能有效抑制Cd从秸秆向籽粒的转移,其盐酸盐优于硫酸盐。在微量元素中,锌对水稻Cd的吸收抑制作用最为显著,其次是铜,而有益元素肥料硅酸钠叶面喷施则显著增加了稻谷中的Cd浓度和吸收量。硫酸亚铁、氯化锰、氯化铜、硼酸和硼砂处理都能有效地抑制Cd从秸秆向籽粒的转移,而硅酸钠叶面喷施和锌处理则促进了Cd的转移,表明硅酸钠抑制水稻吸收Cd的机制很可能发生在土壤中,而非在植株体内或地上部分。在Cd污染土壤上选用适宜的中微量和有益元素肥料及其施用方法,能有效降低水稻对镉的吸收和稻米中的Cd含量。     

A secreted ribonuclease effector from Verticillium dahliae localizes in the plant nucleus to modulate host immunity

The arms race between fungal pathogens and plant hosts involves recognition of fungal effectors to induce host immunity. Although various fungal effectors have been identified, the effector functions of ribonucleases are largely unknown. Herein, we identified a ribonuclease secreted by Verticillium dahliae (VdRTX1) that translocates into the plant nucleus to modulate immunity. The activity of VdRTX1 causes hypersensitive response (HR)‐related cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and cotton. VdRTX1 possesses a signal peptide but is unlikely to be an apoplastic effector because its nuclear localization in the plant is necessary for cell death induction. Knockout of VdRTX1 significantly enhanced V. dahliae virulence on tobacco while V. dahliae employs the known suppressor VdCBM1 to escape the immunity induced by VdRTX1. VdRTX1 homologs are widely distributed in fungi but transient expression of 24 homologs from other fungi did not yield cell death induction, suggesting that this function is specific to the VdRTX1 in V. dahliae. Expression of site‐directed mutants of VdRTX1 in N. benthamiana leaves revealed conserved ligand‐binding sites that are important for VdRTX1 function in inducing cell death. Thus, VdRTX1 functions as a unique HR‐inducing effector in V. dahliae that contributes to the activation of plant immunity.     

极端干旱区尾闾湖生态需水估算——以东居延海为例

以东居延海为研究对象,利用遥感技术目视解译ETM影像,提取东居延海2002—2012年各月湖面面积。通过水文保证率法确定不同保证率下的湖面面积,结合额济纳旗气象站观测的风速、相对湿度、气温、水汽压、降水量等气象数据估算湖泊蒸发耗水量和湖泊降水补给量,根据湖泊渗漏系数估算湖泊渗漏量,最后运用水平衡原理构建湖泊生态需水模型,估算了东居延海在湖面面积保证率为50%、75%、95%时各月月均和年均生态需水量,其中年均生态需水量分别为1.78×108、1.60×108、1.03×108m3,约占莺落峡年均径流量的9.66%、8.66%、5.59%,约占正义峡年均径流量的16.27%、14.60%、9.42%,约占狼心山年均径流量的30.81%、27.65%、17.84%。     

Lithocholic acid inhibits dendritic cell activation by reducing intracellular glutathione via TGR5 signaling

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the major antigen-presenting cells and play an important role in autoimmune uveitis. Emerging evidence suggests that bile acids (BAs) regulate DCs maturation. However, the underlying mechanisms by which BAs regulate the function of DCs still need to be clarified. Here, we demonstrate that lithocholic acid (LCA) inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expression of surface molecules in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). LCA attenuates the severity of EAU by modulating the maturation of splenic CD11C⁺MHCII^high DCs. Notably, Takeda G-protein coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) deficiency partially reverses the inhibitory effect of LCA on DCs in vitro and in vivo. TGR5 activation also downregulates the NF-κB and MAPK pathways by inhibiting glutathione production and inducing oxidative stress in DCs, which leads to apoptosis and autophagy in DCs. In addition, LCA or INT-777 treatment increases the TGR5 expression in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MD-DCs) of patients with active BD, whereas both LCA and TGR5 agonists inhibit the activation of MD-DCs. These results suggest that LCA and TGR5 agonists might be potential therapeutic drugs for the treatment of autoimmune uveitis.     

岷江冷杉针叶林下穿透雨空间分布特征

森林对降水的截留作用、林下穿透雨的水文学及生态学意义一直是生态水文学研究中的热点 ,但是关于林下穿透雨空间分布特征的研究还比较少。在四川西部的卧龙自然保护区研究了岷江冷杉林下穿透雨的空间分布特征。在岷江冷杉针叶林下布设了 8个雨量筒用以测量林下穿透雨 ,对两年共 35次降雨的穿透雨研究结果表明 ,林下各观测点的穿透雨率同林外降雨量之间的关系都可以用逻辑斯谛曲线方程较好地模拟 ,与传统的对数方程模拟相比 ,前者的相关程度显著高于后者 ,而且用逻辑斯谛方程进行模拟时 ,方程中的各参数具有一定的生态学意义。此外 ,研究发现林下各点的穿透雨率具有显著的差异 ,位点 4下的穿透雨存在着明显的聚集效应 ,此处的平均穿透雨率达到了 10 3.2 %。对林下 8个点穿透雨进行聚类分析表明 ,林下位点 4和位点 8的穿透雨特征与其余 6个点的穿透雨特征有显著的差异。对影响岷江冷杉林下穿透雨空间分布的因素分析表明 ,观测点上方的冠层覆盖度、枝叶层厚度与降雨量之间均有一定的负相关关系 ,但其影响未达到显著水平 ;观测点到树干的距离与林下的穿透雨之间的关系可以较好地用二次多项式方程模拟 ,方程的相关程度很高 (R=0 .94 91) ;各观测点正上方的冠层以及枝叶性质也对穿透雨的空间分布特征有一定的     

合肥秋冬季茶园天敌对假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜的空间跟随关系

为了合理保护和利用天敌及科学地选取抽样方法,开展了合肥地区秋冬季4个品种茶园假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitisGothe和茶蚜Toxoptera aurantii Boyer与其天敌之间空间关系研究,运用地学统计学方法求得天敌和害虫各自的变程,用灰色关联度分析方法分析害虫与天敌变程的关联度,关联度值越大的天敌在空间上对害虫的跟随关系越密切。分析了2010年9月28日至11月25日期间假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜数量最少的舒茶早茶园和二种害虫数量最多的平阳特早茶园天敌对害虫空间上的跟随关系,结果表明,二种茶园的假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜及其4种主要天敌均为聚集分布,舒茶早茶园与假眼小绿叶蝉空间上跟随关系密切的前二位天敌是斜纹猫蛛Oxyopes sertatus L.Koch(0.8594)和草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum Sundevall(0.8397),与茶蚜空间上跟随关系密切的前二位天敌是草间小黑蛛(0.7448)和斜纹猫蛛(0.7433);平阳特早茶园与假眼小绿叶蝉空间上跟随关系密切的前二位天敌是八斑球腹蛛Theridion ocomaculatum Bose.et Str(0.8207)和斜纹猫蛛(0.8104),与茶蚜空间上跟随关系密切的前二位天敌是八斑球腹蛛(0.8324)和斜纹猫蛛(0.7730)。其中,11月25日4种茶园假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜数量均较多。分析了该日另外二个茶树品种福云六号和龙井长叶茶园假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜与其天敌的空间关系,结果表明,二种茶园假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜及其天敌均为聚集分布,福云六号茶园与假眼小绿叶蝉变程值(3.8182)最接近的天敌是斜纹猫蛛(4.7222),与茶蚜变程值(6.5854)最接近的天敌是斜纹猫蛛(4.7222);龙井长叶茶园与假眼小绿叶蝉变程值(1.0000)最接近的天敌是八斑球腹蛛(1.0000),与茶蚜变程值(4.5000)最接近的天敌是斜纹猫蛛(7.6316)。总之,秋冬季4个品种茶园斜纹猫蛛在空间上是假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜跟随关系最密切的天敌,其次是八斑球腹蛛和草间小黑蛛。