抗性品系棉蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶和羧酸酯酶的变异

用浸叶法测定了采自我国不同地区(泰安、莱阳、南京、北京和安阳)的棉蚜品系Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ对久效磷、甲胺磷、抗蚜威和灭多威等杀虫剂的抗性水平,各棉蚜品系对杀虫剂的抗性依次为Ⅴ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ,Ⅱ>Ⅰ。进一步研究表明,Ⅴ和Ⅳ品系棉蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂的敏感性显著下降,Ⅱ品系次之,Ⅲ和Ⅰ品系接近于敏感品系。Ⅴ和Ⅳ品系乙酰胆碱酯酶的Km值显著下降,表明酶发生了质的变化。不同棉蚜抗性品系的酯酶（全酯酶和羧酸酯酶）活性均显著升高,其中Ⅲ品系的酯酶活力为Ⅱ品系的2倍。Ⅴ品系羧酸酯酶Km值达2460.4 μmol/L,而Ⅳ品系仅为84.4 μmol/L,该两个品系羧酸酯酶发生了质的变化。研究结果表明,不同抗性程度的棉蚜品系均存在代谢抗性和靶标抗性。低抗水平的棉蚜品系,以代谢抗性为主,靶标抗性为辅;中抗水平的棉蚜品系,抑或由于解毒代谢酶的活性显著增强,也可能由于靶标的敏感性显著下降;而高抗水平的棉蚜品系,依赖于代谢抗性和靶标抗性的联合作用。     

黄喉拟水龟摩氏摩根菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

<正>黄喉拟水龟(Mauremys mutica),俗称石龟、石金钱龟、黄板龟等,为龟科拟水龟属,主要分布于中国江苏、安徽、福建以及越南、日本等。黄喉拟水龟具有食用、药用和观赏价值,近年来野生资源日趋减少,人工养殖发展迅速。细菌性病原感染是黄喉拟水龟养殖过程中常见疾病,目前已报道黏质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)[1]、松鼠葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sciuri)[2]、摩氏摩根菌(Morganella morganii)[3]、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(Stenotrophmomas     

Hydrogen sulfide protects soybean seedlings against drought-induced oxidative stress

Increasing evidence indicates that hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is the third “gas signal molecule” after NO and CO in animal. In the present study, we found that soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings sprayed with exogenous H₂S donor NaHS prolonged the longer survival time of life, and enlarged higher biomass of both leaf and root than in non-sprayed controls under continuous drought stress. With the continuous drought stress, the content of chlorophyll in the leaves of both Xu-1 and Xu-6 cultivar of soybean decreased dramatically. The drought-induced decrease in chlorophyll could be alleviated by spraying H₂S donor. It was also shown that spraying with H₂S donor dramatically retained higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.1.5.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC1.11.1.6) and lower activity of lipoxygenases (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12), delayed excessive accumulation of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion (O₂^·−) compared with the control. These results suggest that H₂S can increase drought tolerance in soybean seedlings by acting as an antioxidant signal molecule for the response.     

纳米粒子载体对灰飞虱RNAi效率的影响

【目的】筛选针对灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus RNAi的dsRNA高效纳米递送载体。【方法】使用壳聚糖、碳量子点(carbon quantum dot, CQD)和lipofectamine 2000作为代表性纳米粒子,分别与dsRNA进行混合,形成稳定的3种不同复合颗粒,利用光谱法检测其dsRNA装载率。以灰飞虱膜结合型海藻糖酶基因LsStre为靶标基因来测试3种纳米粒子的RNAi效率。用不同纳米粒子包裹的dsLsStre喂食后,通过荧光实时定量PCR(qPCR)检测喂食后2 d灰飞虱2龄若虫中LsStre mRNA表达水平,并检测和计算灰飞虱2龄若虫在6 d内的校正死亡率,以裸dsLsStre引起的2龄若虫死亡率为对照,评价3种纳米载体对LsStre的RNAi增效作用。【结果】3种纳米载体均能负载dsEgfp,且这3种纳米载体复合dsEgfp的效率均在95%以上。3种纳米材料对灰飞虱2龄若虫的毒性均较弱。同未用纳米粒子包裹的裸dsLsStre喂食组(对LsStre表达量的抑制率为46%)相比,壳聚糖和CQD能够显著提高LsStre的RNAi效率(对LsStre表达量的抑制率分别为78%和84%),而lipofectamine 2000不能显著提高LsStre的RNAi效率(抑制率为52%)。壳聚糖和CQD可以有效提高喂食dsLsStre对灰飞虱2龄若虫的致死效应,在连续喂食6 d后,灰飞虱2龄若虫的校正死亡率分别达到76%和82%,与直接用裸dsLsStre处理的对照组校正死亡率(35%)相比,增效系数分别达到2.17和2.34,lipofectamine 2000的增效能力最弱,其与dsLsStre的复合颗粒处理引起灰飞虱2龄若虫死亡率为38%,增效系数为1.09。【结论】壳聚糖和CQD纳米载体能够显著提高灰飞虱对于喂食dsRNA的敏感性,而lipofectamine 2000的RNAi增效作用较弱。研究结果有助于评价纳米载体在灰飞虱RNAi中的增效作用,为进一步开发和筛选有效的RNAi纳米载体,实现害虫绿色防控,提供了理论依据和应用策略。     

Direct and interaction-mediated effects of environmental changes on peatland bryophytes

Ecosystem processes of northern peatlands are largely governed by the vitality and species composition in the bryophyte layer, and may be affected by global warming and eutrophication. In a factorial experiment in northeast China, we tested the effects of raised levels of nitrogen (0, 1 and 2 g m⁻² year⁻¹), phosphorus (0, 0.1 and 0.2 g m⁻² year⁻¹) and temperature (ambient and +3°C) on Polytrichum strictum, Sphagnum magellanicum and S. palustre, to see if the effects could be altered by inter-specific interactions. In all species, growth declined with nitrogen addition and increased with phosphorus addition, but only P. strictum responded to raised temperature with increased production of side-shoots (branching). In Sphagnum, growth and branching changed in the same direction, but in Polytrichum, the two responses were uncoupled: with nitrogen addition there was a decrease in growth (smaller than in Sphagnum) but an increase in branching; with phosphorus addition growth increased but branching was unaffected. There were no two-way interactions among the P, N and T treatments. With increasing temperature, our results indicate that S. palustre should decrease relative to P. strictum (Polytrichum increased its branching and had a negative neighbor effect on S. palustre). With a slight increase in phosphorus availability, the increase in length growth and production of side-shoots in P. strictum and S. magellanicum may give them a competitive superiority over S. palustre. The negative response in Sphagnum to nitrogen could favor the expansion of vascular plants, but P. strictum may endure thanks to its increased branching.     

Duplicated C-class MADS-box genes reveal distinct roles in gynostemium development in Cymbidium ensifolium (Orchidaceae)

The orchid floral organs represent novel and effective structures for attracting pollination vectors. In addition, to avoid inbreeding, the androecium and gynoecium are united in a single structure termed the gynostemium. Identification of C-class MADS-box genes regulating reproductive organ development could help determine the level of homology with the current ABC model of floral organ identity in orchids. In this study, we isolated and characterized two C-class AGAMOUS-like genes, denoted CeMADS1 and CeMADS2, from Cymbidium ensifolium. These two genes showed distinct spatial and temporal expression profiles, which suggests their functional diversification during gynostemium development. Furthermore, the expression of CeMADS1 but not CeMADS2 was eliminated in the multitepal mutant whose gynostemium is replaced by a newly emerged flower, and this ecotopic flower continues to produce sepals and petals centripetally. Protein interaction relationships among CeMADS1, CeMADS2 and E-class PeMADS8 proteins were assessed by yeast two-hybrid analysis. Both CeMADS1 and CeMADS2 formed homodimers and heterodimers with each other and the E-class PeMADS protein. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CeMADS1 or CeMADS2 showed limited growth of primary inflorescence. Thus, CeMADS1 may have a pivotal C function in reproductive organ development in C. ensifolium.     

OrchidBase: a collection of sequences of the transcriptome derived from orchids

Orchids are one of the most ecological and evolutionarily significant plants, and the Orchidaceae is one of the most abundant families of the angiosperms. Genetic databases will be useful not only for gene discovery but also for future genomic annotation. For this purpose, OrchidBase was established from 37,979,342 sequence reads collected from 11 in-house Phalaenopsis orchid cDNA libraries. Among them, 41,310 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained by using Sanger sequencing, whereas 37,908,032 reads were obtained by using next-generation sequencing (NGS) including both Roche 454 and Solexa Illumina sequencers. These reads were assembled into 8,501 contigs and 76,116 singletons, resulting in 84,617 non-redundant transcribed sequences with an average length of 459 bp. The analysis pipeline of the database is an automated system written in Perl and C#, and consists of the following components: automatic pre-processing of EST reads, assembly of raw sequences, annotation of the assembled sequences and storage of the analyzed information in SQL databases. A web application was implemented with HTML and a Microsoft .NET Framework C# program for browsing and querying the database, creating dynamic web pages on the client side, analyzing gene ontology (GO) and mapping annotated enzymes to KEGG pathways. The online resources for putative annotation can be searched either by text or by using BLAST, and the results can be explored on the website and downloaded. Consequently, the establishment of OrchidBase will provide researchers with a high-quality genetic resource for data mining and facilitate efficient experimental studies on orchid biology and biotechnology. The OrchidBase database is freely available at http://lab.fhes.tn.edu.tw/est.     

KLFs对珠蛋白基因表达和红系分化的调控作用

Krüppel样因子(Krüppel-like factors, KLFs)是一组与真核基因转录调控密切相关的锌指蛋白.KLFs高度保守的羧基末端含3个串联的Cys2His2型锌指结构,用于结合GC盒和CACCC盒等DNA序列. 红细胞中特异表达的珠蛋白基因和许多红系调控因子中都含有CACCC盒.已有研究发现,多个KLFs通过结合CACCC盒参与调控珠蛋白基因表达和红系分化,例如,KLF1通过结合β-珠蛋白启动子和位点控制区(locus control region, LCR),促进β-珠蛋白的表达、γ-向β-珠蛋白基因的转换和红系分化;KLF2、KLF11和KLF13分别促进ε-和γ-珠蛋白基因的表达;KLF4促进α-和γ-珠蛋白基因的表达;KLF3和KLF8则抑制ε-和γ-珠蛋白基因的表达. 本文综述了KLFs调控珠蛋白基因表达和红系分化的研究进展.     

遮阴对两种泥炭藓植物生长及相互作用的影响

以大泥炭藓和喙叶泥炭藓为材料,研究遮阴对其生长及植物相互作用的影响.结果表明:在单种群中,遮阴处理明显促进了大泥炭藓的高生长,但对喙叶泥炭藓的生长以及大泥炭藓生物量和分枝数未产生影响;在混合群中,喙叶泥炭藓抑制了大泥炭藓生物量和分枝数的增长,而大泥炭藓对喙叶泥炭藓的生长无影响.随遮阴胁迫的增加,邻体对喙叶泥炭藓竞争加剧,当胁迫进一步增强,邻体效应有转变为正相互作用的趋势,但邻体对大泥炭藓的效应始终为竞争,未随胁迫增加而变化.