Epigenetic mechanism underlying the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-like phenotypes in prenatally androgenized rhesus monkeys

The pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is poorly understood. PCOS-like phenotypes are produced by prenatal androgenization (PA) of female rhesus monkeys. We hypothesize that perturbation of the epigenome, through altered DNA methylation, is one of the mechanisms whereby PA reprograms monkeys to develop PCOS. Infant and adult visceral adipose tissues (VAT) harvested from 15 PA and 10 control monkeys were studied. Bisulfite treated samples were subjected to genome-wide CpG methylation analysis, designed to simultaneously measure methylation levels at 27,578 CpG sites. Analysis was carried out using Bayesian Classification with Singular Value Decomposition (BCSVD), testing all probes simultaneously in a single test. Stringent criteria were then applied to filter out invalid probes due to sequence dissimilarities between human probes and monkey DNA, and then mapped to the rhesus genome. This yielded differentially methylated loci between PA and control monkeys, 163 in infant VAT, and 325 in adult VAT (BCSVD P<0.05). Among these two sets of genes, we identified several significant pathways, including the antiproliferative role of TOB in T cell signaling and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. Our results suggest PA may modify DNA methylation patterns in both infant and adult VAT. This pilot study suggests that excess fetal androgen exposure in female nonhuman primates may predispose to PCOS via alteration of the epigenome, providing a novel avenue to understand PCOS in humans.     

开花对两种杓兰光合作用和同化产物分配的影响

对同一生境下黄花杓兰（Cypripedium flavum）和西藏杓兰（Cypripedium tibeticum）开花株与非开花株的气体交换、光系统Ⅱ实际光化学效率（φPSⅡ）和^14C分配进行了测定,目的在于了解开花对杓兰光合作用以及同化产物分配的影响。结果表明这两种杓兰开花均能通过提高电子传递速率来提升植株的光合作用。相对于黄花杓兰,西藏杓兰开花显著提高植株的呼吸速率,以致其最大净光合速率（Amax）的提升不显著。两种杓兰的花和地下部分（包括根状茎和芽）在同化产物分配上存在竞争关系,因而开花减少了同化产物向植株地下部分的分配。     

抗酶的研究进展

抗酶（antizyme）是当细胞内多胺水平升高时刺激机体合成的一种小分子量调节蛋白,能特异性地与鸟氨酸脱羧酶（omithine decarboxylase,ODC）结合,经泛素非依赖途径被26S蛋白酶体降解,从而使多胺合成减少;抗酶还可以调节多胺转运,以稳定细胞内多胺水平。近年来随着生物技术的不断发展,对抗酶的认识也逐步深入,本文综述了抗酶家族、合成、作用及定位等方面的研究进展。     

Improvement of Cephalosporin C Production by Recombinant DNA Integration in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acremonium chrysogenum</Emphasis>

Cephalosporins are widely used as anti-infectious β-lactam antibiotics in clinic. For the purpose of increasing the yield of cephalosporin C (CPC) fermentation, especially in an industrial strain, A. chrysogenum genes cefEF and cefG, which encode the ultimate and penultimate steps in CPC biosynthesis, cefT, which encodes a CPC efflux pump, and vgb, which encodes a bacterial hemoglobin gene were transformed in various combinations into an industrial strain of A. chrysogenum. Both PCR and Southern blotting indicated that the introduced genes were integrated into the chromosome of A. chrysogenum. Carbon monoxide difference spectrum absorbance assay was performed and the result showed that Vitreoscilla hemoglobin was successfully expressed in A. chrysogenum and had biological activity. HPLC analysis of fermentation broth of recombinant A. chrysogenum showed that most transformants had a higher CPC production level than the parental strain. Multiple transformants containing an additional copy of cefG showed a significant increase in CPC production. However, cefT showed little effect on CPC production in this high producer. The highest improvement of CPC titer was observed in the mutant with an extra copy of cefG + cefEF + vgb whose CPC production was increased by 116.3%. This was the first report that three or more genes were introduced simultaneously into A. chrysogenum. Our results also demonstrated that the combination of these genes had a synergy effect in a CPC high producer.     

体细胞克隆牛和转基因体细胞克隆牛的遗传学分析(英)

分析了来自同一细胞系的体细胞克隆牛甜甜、庆庆、浒娃及来源同一培养转基因体细胞系转基因体细胞克隆牛九妹、乐娃和1个妊娠8个月转基因流产胎牛8C2以及随机抽取的1头鲁西黄牛(LX)、1头褐斯坦牛(HS)在24个微卫星位点标记牛的基因型.结果表明24个多态位点均表现出多态,等位基因数为1～5个,平均为3.17个.根据网上公布的数据,按其最高频率计算,甜甜、庆庆、浒娃、九妹、乐娃、8C2与培养细胞系、转基因细胞系间匹配概率为1.17×10^－36,根据本研究观察到的数据计算,匹配概率为1.90×10^－23;而与随机抽取的1头鲁西黄牛及褐斯坦牛的基因型分别在23和20个位点上完全不同.     

微藻叶绿素荧光值与传统生长指标的关联性研究

利用TD-700型叶绿素荧光仪测定了6种不同海洋和淡水微藻,即锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)、三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、眼点拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)、四列藻(Tetraselmis tetrethele)和雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)的叶绿素荧光值,同时采用经典方法同步测定其细胞密度和叶绿素a含量。统计分析结果显示,微藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素荧光值三者之间具有显著或极显著的正相关关系。因此,利用叶绿素荧光仪测定微藻生物量的方法是切实可行的,具有快捷方便、灵敏度高的优点。     

初代和继代培养葡萄试管苗的内源IAA、ZRs和ABA含量变化及其与生根的关系

葡萄品种皇家秋天与藤稔初代试管苗在第10天(根原基发生)时内源IAA和ABA含量达最低点后上升;ZRs含量达最高值后下降.皇家秋天继代试管苗的IAA在第8天(根原基发生)时达最低点,而后上升达稳定值;ZRs含量达最高值后下降;ABA含量降至最低点后急剧上升,在第10天(生根时)达最高值,持续4 d后又下降.藤稔继代苗在第6天(根原基发生)时IAA含量最低,后上升,持续到第12天后又下降;ZRs含量达最高值后快速下降,至第12天达稳定状态;ABA含量达最低值后缓慢上升,第10天(生根)达最高点后又下降.     

Inducing late phase of infarct protection in skeletal muscle by remote preconditioning: efficacy and mechanism

We have previously demonstrated that remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC) by instigation of three cycles of 10-min occlusion/reperfusion in a hindlimb of the pig elicits an early phase of infarct protection in local and distant skeletal muscles subjected to 4 h of ischemia immediately after remote IPC. The aim of this project was to test our hypothesis that hindlimb remote IPC also induces a late phase of infarct protection in skeletal muscle and that K(ATP) channels play a pivotal role in the trigger and mediator mechanisms. We observed that pig bilateral latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle flaps sustained 46 +/- 2% infarction when subjected to 4 h of ischemia/48 h of reperfusion. The late phase of infarct protection appeared at 24 h and lasted up to 72 h after hindlimb remote IPC. The LD muscle infarction was reduced to 28 +/- 3, 26 +/- 1, 23 +/- 2, 24 +/- 2 and 24 +/- 4% at 24, 28, 36, 48 and 72 h after remote IPC, respectively (P < 0.05; n = 8). In subsequent studies, hindlimb remote IPC or intravenous injection of the sarcolemmal K(ATP) (sK(ATP)) channel opener P-1075 (2 microg/kg) at 24 h before 4 h of sustained ischemia (i.e., late preconditioning) reduced muscle infarction from 43 +/- 4% (ischemic control) to 24 +/- 2 and 19 +/- 3%, respectively (P < 0.05, n = 8). Intravenous injection of the sK(ATP) channel inhibitor HMR 1098 (6 mg/kg) or the nonspecific K(ATP) channel inhibitor glibenclamide (Glib; 1 mg/kg) at 10 min before remote IPC completely blocked the infarct- protective effect of remote IPC in LD muscle flaps subjected to 4 h of sustained ischemia at 24 h after remote IPC. Intravenous bolus injection of the mitochondrial K(ATP) (mK(ATP)) channel inhibitor 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD; 5 mg/kg) immediately before remote IPC and 30-min intravenous infusion of 5-HD (5 mg/kg) during remote IPC did not affect the infarct-protective effect of remote IPC in LD muscle flaps. However, intravenous Glib or 5-HD, but not HMR 1098, given 24 h after remote IPC completely blocked the late infarct-protective effect of remote IPC in LD muscle flaps. None of these drug treatments affected the infarct size of control LD muscle flaps. The late phase of infarct protection was associated with a higher (P < 0.05) muscle content of ATP at the end of 4 h of ischemia and 1.5 h of reperfusion and a lower (P < 0.05) neutrophilic activity at the end of 1.5 h of reperfusion compared with the time-matched control. In conclusion, these findings support our hypothesis that hindlimb remote IPC induces an uninterrupted long (48 h) late phase of infarct protection, and sK(ATP) and mK(ATP) channels play a central role in the trigger and mediator mechanism, respectively.     

岩溶石漠化区不同植被恢复模式土壤无机磷形态特征及影响因素

为分析岩溶石漠化区不同植被恢复模式土壤无机磷的形态特征,评价植被恢复的土壤供磷潜力,阐明有机碳及钙素在无机磷形态转化中的作用,选取研究区内8种有代表性的样地,采用蒋柏藩无机磷分级方法对土壤无机磷形态特征及影响因素进行研究。结果表明:研究区土壤全磷与速效磷含量分别在0.25—1.35 g/kg、1.05—53.01 mg/kg范围,无机磷总量在123.94—934.61 mg/kg,耕地与退耕地以及各退耕地之间全磷、速效磷、各形态无机磷含量水平差异明显,各退耕地磷素含量水平介于耕地与次生马尾松林地之间,退耕地中桃林地、花椒林地磷素含量水平较高、樟树林地、柳杉林地、撂荒草地次之、撂荒灌丛地较低。各样地土壤无机磷占全磷比例在51.2%—72.4%,不同形态的无机磷含量表现为O-PFe-PCa-PAl-P,其中Ca2-P、Al-P对速效磷的贡献率大,Fe-P、Ca8-P贡献较小,O-P、Ca10-P献率最小。不同活性土壤有机碳与不同形态钙素对各形态无机磷在总无机磷中比例的影响较大,p H、容重、粘粒含量、含水量等其它理化性质影响较小。