Viscoelasticity of packed erythrocyte suspensions subjected to low amplitude oscillatory deformation.

Concentrated adult erythrocyte suspensions were subjected to low amplitude oscillatory shear in a Weissenberg rheogoniometer equipped with a cone-and-plate assembly. The dynamic viscoelastic properties of the suspension were measured over a broad range of frequency by a numerical solution that accounted for fluid inertia. Variation of shear amplitude and cell volume percent, and comparison of buffered saline, plasma, and dextran as suspending media showed that the cellular elements had undergone small bending and shearing deformations. Studies of normal adult erythrocytes, hypotonically swollen cells, temperature-altered cells, and erythrocyte ghosts suggested that the method was evaluating membrane material properties. The normal membrane was found to exhibit a shear rate dependent elastic modulus that increased by more than a factor of 20 over a frequency range from 0.0076 Hz to 60 Hz. The membrane viscosity showed a substantial drop with frequency indicative of a frequency thinning phenomenon. At high frequency of deformation the viscous response of normal erythrocytes was no longer indicative of a membrane property due to the dominant influence of the internal hemoglobin solution. The studies generally supported the ability of the method to quantify relative membrane material properties and detect changes in membrane structure.     

Alterations in catalytic activity and virus maturation produced by mutation of the conserved histidine residues of herpes simplex virus type 1 protease.

Mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) viruses were constructed to characterize the roles of the conserved histidine residues (H61 and H148) of HSV-1 protease in the regulation of catalytic activity and virus maturation. Viruses containing mutations at H61 (H61V-V711, H61Y-V715, and H61A-V730) were unable to grow on Vero cells. These mutant viruses could process neither Pra to N0 nor ICP-35cd to ICP-35ef. Transmission electron microscopy studies of H61A-V730-infected Vero cells indicated that capsid maturation is arrested at a state characterized by the predominance of large symmetrical arrays of B capsids within the nucleus. Two mutations at H148 (in viruses H148A-V712 and H148E-V728) gave rise to mutant viruses that grew with a small-plaque phenotype; one of the viruses, H148E-V728, was particularly attenuated when grown at a low multiplicity of infection. The rate of processing of Pra to N0 in infected Vero cells increased in the order H148A-V712 < H148E-V728 < parental strain HSV-1-V731. The observation that H148A-V712 processes Pra to N0 and ICP-35cd to ICP-35ef, whereas H61A does not, establishes H61 as the catalytically essential conserved His assuming that HSV-1 protease, like other serine proteases, utilizes an active-site histidine residue in catalysis. Two of the mutations at H148 (viruses H148K-V729 and H148Y-V716) produced nonviable viruses. H148K-V729 processed neither Pra to N0 nor ICP-35cd to ICP-35ef, whereas H148Y-V716 processed Pra to N0 but did not process ICP-35cd to ICP-35ef. The range of phenotypes observed with the H148 mutant viruses suggests that residue 148 of the HSV-1 protease is a determinant of virus growth rate and viability because of its effects on the activity of the protease and/or the role of the protease domain in capsid assembly and DNA packaging.     

Profile of the alpha-bungarotoxin-binding regions on the extracellular part of the alpha-chain of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor.

The continuous alpha-neurotoxin-binding regions on the extracellular part (residues 1-210) of the alpha-chain of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor were localized by reaction of 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin with synthetic overlapping peptides spanning this entire part of the chain. The specificity of the binding was confirmed by inhibition with unlabelled toxin and, for appropriate peptides, with unlabelled anti-(acetylcholine receptor) antibodies. Five toxin-binding regions were localized within residues 1-10, 32-41, 100-115, 122-150 and 182-198. The third, fourth and fifth (and to a lesser extent the first and second) toxin-binding regions overlapped with regions recognized by anti-(acetylcholine receptor) antibodies. The five toxin-binding regions may be distinct sites or, alternatively, different 'faces' in one (or more) sites.     

Effect of caffeine on the rho--induction with ethidium bromide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary It is shown that caffeine antagonizes petiteinduction with ethidium bromide under non-growth conditions when administered during or after mutagenic treatment.Caffeine itself is shown to be a petite-inducing agent when cells are grown in liquid glucose-completemedium in the presence of the drug.A possible mode of action of caffeine in the ethidium bromide induced petite-mutagenesis is discussed.