粘、易型1B/1R小麦雄性不育系产生单倍体的遗传机理及育性恢复性能的研究

调查了ms(Ae.kotschyi)-77(2)和ms(Ae.variabilis)-77(2)低、高世代和在转育、组配中单倍体频率的变化趋势及在不同胞质间、核型间存在的变异。结果表明:(1)粘、易型1B/1R小麦雄性不育系产生单倍体的遗传机理是由于1B/1R卵细胞与粘、易胞质的专一互作,并在花粉蒙导下而导致孤雌生殖的结果;(2)1B·1B/1R杂合核型比1B/1R·1B/1R纯合核型产生的单倍体频率高,1B/1R·1B/1R纯合核型世代间单倍体诱导频率相对稳定;(3)在同一核背景下,诱导单倍体频率粘质高于易质;(4)用不同来源的1B/1R易位系来转育粘、易型不育系及用不同核型的父本与其组配杂种,诱导单倍体频率明显不同;依此差异进行亲本选择,分别可选出与组配出不产生或很少产生单倍体的粘、易型1B/1R不育系和F_1杂种。此外,分析了粘、易型1B/1R不育系一般恢复度不高的内在原由,认为与1B·1B/1R杂合核型中的易位染色体在减数分裂中能否正常联会配对直接相关。     

Study of the Antifungal Ability of Bacillus subtilis Strain PY-1 in Vitro and Identification of its Antifungal Substance （Iturin A）

A Bacillus strain,denoted as PY-1,was isolated from the vascular bundle of cotton.Biochemical,physiological and 16S rDNA sequence analysis proved that it should belong to Bacillus subtilis.The PY-1strain showed strong ability against many common plant fungal pathogens in vitro.The antibiotics producedby this strain were stable in neutral and basic conditions,and not sensitive to high temperature.From theculture broth of PY-1 strain,five antifungal compounds were isolated by acidic precipitation,methanolextraction,gel filtration and reverse-phase HPLC.Advanced identification was performed by mass spec-trometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.These five antifungal compounds were proved to bethe isomers of iturin A:A2,A3,A4,A6 and A7.In fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry/mass spec-trometry collision-induced dissociation spectra,fragmentation ions from two prior linear acylium ions wereobserved,and the prior ion,Tyr-Asn-Gln-Pro-Asn-Ser-βAA-Asn-CO~ ,was first reported.     

保护行为学: 正在兴起的保护生物学分支学科

过去的30年里, 人们利用动物行为的进化生物学方法来解决保护实践中遇到的问题, 行为学、行为生态学与保护生物学相结合, 产生了保护生物学的一个新分支学科--保护行为学。保护行为学的研究目的是: 从物种保护实践中发现环境对动物行为的影响以及行为的生态适应性, 并把动物行为学和行为生态学理论应用到物种保护实践中, 从而促进物种保护工作。目前全球有10%的物种濒临灭绝, 生物多样性保护日趋紧迫, 保护行为学的诞生为行为学和保护生物学研究带来了新的机遇, 也表明行为学家和保护生物学家正在担负起挽救濒危物种的使命。不久的将来, 保护行为学及其相关学科将更加繁荣。     

Repolarisation and vulnerability to re-entry in the human heart with short QT syndrome arising from KCNQ1 mutation--a simulation study

Idiopathic short QT syndrome (SQTS) is a recently identified, genetically heterogeneous condition characterised by abbreviated QT intervals and an increased susceptibility to arrhythmia and sudden death. This simulation study identifies mechanisms by which cellular electrophysiological changes in the SQT2 (slow delayed rectifier, I_Ks, -linked) SQTS variant increases arrhythmia risk. The channel kinetics of the V307L mutation of the KCNQ1 subunit of the I_Ks channel were incorporated into human ventricular action potential (AP) models and into 1D and 2D transmural tissue simulations. Incorporating the V307L mutation into simulations reproduced defining features of the SQTS: abbreviation of the QT interval, and increases in T wave amplitude and T_peak–T_end duration. In the single-cell model, the V307L mutation abbreviated ventricular cell AP duration at 90% repolarisation (APD₉₀) and increased the maximal transmural voltage heterogeneity (δV) during APs; this resulted in augmented transmural heterogeneity of APD₉₀ and of the effective refractory period (ERP). In the intact tissue model, the vulnerable window for unidirectional conduction block was also increased. In 2D tissue the V307L mutation facilitated and maintained reentrant excitation. Thus, in SQT2 increases in transmural heterogeneity of APD, δV, ERP and an increased vulnerable window for unidirectional conduction block generate an electrical substrate favourable to reentrant arrhythmia.     

Nitrosylation of ISG15 prevents the disulfide bond-mediated dimerization of ISG15 and contributes to effective ISGylation

The expression of the ubiquitin-like molecule ISG15 (UCRP) and protein modification by ISG15 (ISGylation) are strongly activated by interferon, genotoxic stress, and pathogen infection, suggesting that ISG15 plays an important role in innate immune responses. Inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) is induced by the similar stimuli as ISG15 and enhances the production of nitric oxide (NO), a pleiotropic free radical with antipathogen activity. Here, we report that cysteine residues (Cys-76 and -143 in mouse, Cys-78 in human) of ISG15 can be modified by NO, and the NO modification of ISG15 decreases the dimerization of ISG15. The mutation of the cysteine residue of ISG15 to serine improves total ISGylation. The NO synthase inhibitor S-ethylisothiourea reduces endogenous ISGylation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of iNOS enhanced total ISGylation. Together, these results suggest that nitrosylation of ISG15 enhances target protein ISGylation. This is the first report of a relationship between ISGylation and nitrosylation.     

Quantitative analyses of the abundance and composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea of a Chinese upland red soil under long-term fertilization practices

The abundance and composition of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were investigated by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, cloning and sequencing approaches based on amoA genes. The soil, classified as agri-udic ferrosols with pH (H(2)O) ranging from 3.7 to 6.0, was sampled in summer and winter from long-term field experimental plots which had received 16 years continuous fertilization treatments, including fallow (CK0), control without fertilizers (CK) and those with combinations of fertilizer nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K): N, NP, NK, PK, NPK and NPK plus organic manure (OM). Population sizes of AOB and AOA changed greatly in response to the different fertilization treatments. The NPK + OM treatment had the highest copy numbers of AOB and AOA amoA genes among the treatments that received mineral fertilizers, whereas the lowest copy numbers were recorded in the N treatment. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea were more abundant than AOB in all the corresponding treatments, with AOA to AOB ratios ranging from 1.02 to 12.36. Significant positive correlations were observed among the population sizes of AOB and AOA, soil pH and potential nitrification rates, indicating that both AOB and AOA played an important role in ammonia oxidation in the soil. Phylogenetic analyses of the amoA gene fragments showed that all AOB sequences from different treatments were affiliated with Nitrosospira or Nitrosospira-like species and grouped into cluster 3, and little difference in AOB community composition was recorded among different treatments. All AOA sequences fell within cluster S (soil origin) and cluster M (marine and sediment origin). Cluster M dominated exclusively in the N, NP, NK and PK treatments, indicating a pronounced difference in the community composition of AOA in response to the long-term fertilization treatments. These findings could be fundamental to improve our understanding of the importance of both AOB and AOA in the cycling of nitrogen and other nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems.     

一株南海北部深海沉积环境真菌00457的鉴定及其活性研究

从南海深海沉积环境样品中分离到一株编号为00457的真菌,基于形态学特征、ITS和5.8S rDNA序列比对分析,鉴定该菌株为白黄笋顶孢霉( Acrostalagmus luteoalbus).活性研究表明,其代谢产物粗浸膏的卤虫致死活性明显,并具有一定强度的抑菌和DPPH自由基清除活性.此外,研究还发现代谢产物粗浸膏在25-100℃持续加热不超过30 min时,卤虫致死活性成分稳定,但在100C持续加热超过60 min后卤虫致死活性成分显著减少,而一定强度的紫外光照射90 min内则无显著影响.     

Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion methodology to the extraction of endogenous peptides from porcine hypothalamus samples for MS and LC-MS analysis

In this study, we investigated a novel application of matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) methodology for the extraction of endogenous peptides from porcine hypothalamus tissue samples. Several experimental factors of the MSPD procedure were examined. Finally, silica-based octadecyl was chosen as dispersing material and blended with 0.25 g porcine hypothalamus at a ratio of 5, and 10 mL of 60% acetonitrile with 0.2% formic acid in water was chosen as the extraction and elution solvent. This MSPD extraction method was compared to the classic acid extraction method. More peaks were observed in the MSPD extracts (74±5) by MALDI-TOF MS than in acid extracts (34±5). Moreover, 14 potential endogenous peptides were identified in the MSPD extracts after nanoLC-MS/MS analysis, while only 2 endogenous peptides in the acid extracts. These results indicated that MSPD could be employed as a simple and efficient method for the extraction of endogenous peptides from tissues.