The role of lung afferent system in respiratory control during head-down tilt

The role of lung receptors in respiratory control during acute head-down tilt (AHDT, -30 degrees) was investigated in anesthetized, tracheostomized rats. The results show that AHDT increased the mechanical respiratory load, slowed inspiratory flow, reduced the end expiratory lung volume, tidal volume and minute ventilation. On the other hand, during AHDT a significant rise in inspiratory swings of oesophageal pressure was recorded indicated a compensatory increase in inspiratory muscle contraction force. These effects were reduced after transaction of the vagus nerve. It was also shown that respiratory response on added mechanical load was reduced during AHDT as compared with the value in horizontal position. This deference disappeared after vagotomy. The data obtained suggested that afferent information from lung receptors take part in compensation of respiratory effects of AHDT. The cause of reduction in respiratory response to loading during AHDT involves weakness of lung reflexes evoked by volume changes.     

Comparison of Influenza Outbreaks in the Republic of Kazakhstan and Russia Induced by 2009 Yearly New Variant of А(H1N1) Influenza Virus

The aim of the work is the comparison of the epidemiology of influenza and acute respiratory virus infections (ARVI) in the Republic of Kazakhstan with the corresponding influenza epidemic in Russia induced by influenza pandemic virus A/California/07/2009 in 2009.Data on influenza and ARVI from the Republic of Kazakhstan and Federal Center of influenza was collected and investigated over the course of several weeks from hospitalized patients with the same diagnosis among all population and in age groups on ...     

Influence of changes in sea water salinity on the growth,photosynthetic pigment content,and cell size of the benthic alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Attheya ussurensis</Emphasis> Stonik,Orlova et Crawford, 2006 (Bacillariophyta)

The study deals with the effect of changes in salinity from 32 to 4‰ (at an interval of 4‰) on the growth, chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents, and cell size of the benthic alga Attheya ussurensis (Bacillariophyta). A. ussurensis showed high tolerance to reduced salinity and ability to adapt to salinity changes from 16 to 12‰. In this salinity range, the cells restored their shapes, sizes, and physiological functions. The number of cells and photosynthetic pigment content were highest at a salinity reduction to 24‰. At 8‰, algal cells remained alive, but the process of cell division was inhibited; as a result, the number of cells was significantly lower than in the control, the cells did not restore their sizes and shapes and remained deformed until the end of the experiment. A drop in salinity to 4‰ caused a complete loss of cell viability of A. ussurensis within a day of exposure to this factor.     

Stages of formation of mobile phragmoplast in meiosis with successive cytokinesis

The paper presents previously undescribed abnormalities of phragmoplast formation in pollen mother cells of grass haploids and allohaploids (wide hybrids of the first generation). These abnormal phenotypes reveal and illustrate occasional unknown stages of phragmoplast formation in dividing plant cells and indicate the special regulation of their initiation, as well as confirm data on this process obtained by other approaches.     

Synthesis of modified peptides with C-terminal alpha-amino aldehydes]

Various synthetic approaches to modified peptides with the C-terminal aldehyde group, capable of inhibiting a number of proteolytic enzymes belonging to the classes of thiol, serine, and aspartyl proteases, are considered. Both chemical methods, including solid phase peptide synthesis now widely used, and biocatalytic synthetic methods for obtaining these substances are discussed in detail.     

Cerebral organization of verbal action in stutterers

A comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the cerebral mechanisms of readiness for speech was performed based on a complete neuropsychological examination according to A.R. Luria with qualification and quantification of the detected symptoms and electrophysiological data by an original method of recording and localization of the potentials synchronized with the preparation for speaking. The data on stutterers were compared with those on normal subjects and showed that stuttering is not an isolated (purely peripheral) speech disorder but is a component of a syndrome consisting of specific mnestic, neurodynamic, and motor defects that reflect dysfunction of postfrontal and median structures of the brain (functional blocks I and III according to Luria). Differences between normal and stuttering subjects in the potential related to readiness for speech were associated with the activity of deep median structures (the pons and brainstem), right subcortical nuclei, the right frontal cortex, and the left mediotemporal cortex.Translated from Fiziologiya Cheloveka, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2005, pp. 13–17.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Vartanov, Glozman, Kiselnikov, Karpova.