全文获取类型
收费全文 | 76160篇 |
免费 | 5546篇 |
国内免费 | 4862篇 |
专业分类
86568篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 154篇 |
2023年 | 1033篇 |
2022年 | 2392篇 |
2021年 | 4072篇 |
2020年 | 2621篇 |
2019年 | 3235篇 |
2018年 | 3166篇 |
2017年 | 2297篇 |
2016年 | 3257篇 |
2015年 | 4808篇 |
2014年 | 5544篇 |
2013年 | 5985篇 |
2012年 | 7022篇 |
2011年 | 6155篇 |
2010年 | 3710篇 |
2009年 | 3334篇 |
2008年 | 3722篇 |
2007年 | 3354篇 |
2006年 | 2906篇 |
2005年 | 2380篇 |
2004年 | 1957篇 |
2003年 | 1653篇 |
2002年 | 1399篇 |
2001年 | 1230篇 |
2000年 | 1218篇 |
1999年 | 1122篇 |
1998年 | 661篇 |
1997年 | 655篇 |
1996年 | 666篇 |
1995年 | 616篇 |
1994年 | 543篇 |
1993年 | 376篇 |
1992年 | 568篇 |
1991年 | 435篇 |
1990年 | 406篇 |
1989年 | 282篇 |
1988年 | 244篇 |
1987年 | 234篇 |
1986年 | 166篇 |
1985年 | 193篇 |
1984年 | 109篇 |
1983年 | 117篇 |
1982年 | 71篇 |
1981年 | 58篇 |
1980年 | 37篇 |
1979年 | 61篇 |
1977年 | 30篇 |
1974年 | 38篇 |
1973年 | 34篇 |
1972年 | 30篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
941.
本试验以黄瓜和水稻幼苗为材料,研究了光照和黑暗条件下低温对植物叶绿素蛋白质复合体的影响。SDS—PAGE电泳结果表明:5℃及12h 280μmol m~(-2)S~(-1)处理2d,Chl-蛋白质复合体的降解明显大于5℃暗低温处理;低温与光照对P700-CPa_1的影响大于LHCP。叶绿素荧光测定表明;5℃及12h 280μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)的处理对PSⅡ的影响亦大于暗低温处理。由此认为:低温与光对植物叶绿体的PSⅠ和PSⅡ都有明显的影响,其机理可能与常温下高光强引起的光抑制相类似;不同的是低温下中等光强就能引起光抑制。因此,在光照低温下往往加剧植物冷害的发生。 相似文献
942.
报道了产自滇东南的中国兰科植物一新记录种--聚叶钗子股(Luisia appressifolia Averyanov)。研究发现,已往文献报道该种时,对其花部特征(如花颜色、萼片及花瓣形状、大小等)的描述仅依据腊叶标本,因标本严重失水导致描述信息不准或缺失。本文根据新鲜植株和花部材料对该种相关形态特征给予了补充。 相似文献
943.
Tang CS Cheng G So MT Yip BH Miao XP Wong EH Ngan ES Lui VC Song YQ Chan D Cheung K Yuan ZW Lei L Chung PH Liu XL Wong KK Marshall CR Scherer SW Scherer S Cherny SS Sham PC Tam PK Garcia-Barceló MM 《PLoS genetics》2012,8(5):e1002687
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder characterized by aganglionosis of the distal intestine. To assess the contribution of copy number variants (CNVs) to HSCR, we analysed the data generated from our previous genome-wide association study on HSCR patients, whereby we identified NRG1 as a new HSCR susceptibility locus. Analysis of 129 Chinese patients and 331 ethnically matched controls showed that HSCR patients have a greater burden of rare CNVs (p = 1.50 × 10(-5)), particularly for those encompassing genes (p = 5.00 × 10(-6)). Our study identified 246 rare-genic CNVs exclusive to patients. Among those, we detected a NRG3 deletion (p = 1.64 × 10(-3)). Subsequent follow-up (96 additional patients and 220 controls) on NRG3 revealed 9 deletions (combined p = 3.36 × 10(-5)) and 2 de novo duplications among patients and two deletions among controls. Importantly, NRG3 is a paralog of NRG1. Stratification of patients by presence/absence of HSCR-associated syndromes showed that while syndromic-HSCR patients carried significantly longer CNVs than the non-syndromic or controls (p = 1.50 × 10(-5)), non-syndromic patients were enriched in CNV number when compared to controls (p = 4.00 × 10(-6)) or the syndromic counterpart. Our results suggest a role for NRG3 in HSCR etiology and provide insights into the relative contribution of structural variants in both syndromic and non-syndromic HSCR. This would be the first genome-wide catalog of copy number variants identified in HSCR. 相似文献
944.
Abundance, marker development and genetic mapping of microsatellites from unigenes in Brassica napus
Fang Wang Xiaofeng Wang Xun Chen Yingjie Xiao Haitao Li Shunchang Zhang Jinsong Xu Jie Fu Lei Huang Chao Liu Jiangsheng Wu Kede Liu 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2012,30(2):731-744
Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is the second most important oil crop in the world after soybean. The repertoire of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for rapeseed is limited and warrants a search for a larger number of polymorphic SSRs for germplasm characterization and breeding applications. In this study, a total of 5,310 SSR-containing unigenes were identified from a set of 46,038 B. napus unigenes with an average density of one SSR every 5.75?kb. A set of 1,000 expressed sequence tag (EST)-SSR markers with repeat length ??18?bp were developed and tested for their ability to detect polymorphism among a panel of six rapeseed varieties. Of these SSR markers, 776 markers detected clear amplification products, and 511 displayed polymorphisms among the six varieties. Of these polymorphic markers, 195 EST-SSR markers, corresponding to 233 loci, were integrated into an existing B. napus linkage map. These EST-SSRs were randomly distributed on the 19 linkage groups of B. napus. Of the mapped loci, 166 showed significant homology to Arabidopsis genes. Based on the homology, 44 conserved syntenic blocks were identified between B. napus and Arabidopsis genomes. Most of the syntenic blocks were consistent with the duplication and rearrangement events identified previously. In addition, we also identified three previously unreported blocks in B. napus. A subset of 40 SSRs was used to assess genetic diversity in a collection of 192 rapeseed accessions. The polymorphism information content of these markers ranged from 0.0357 to 0.6753 with an average value of 0.3373. These results indicated that the EST-SSR markers developed in this study are useful for genetic mapping, molecular marker-assisted selection and comparative genomics. 相似文献
945.
Yunping Liu Jianfeng Pan Peilian Wei Jianzhong Zhu Lei Huang Jin Cai Zhinan Xu 《Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering》2012,17(4):693-702
In order to improve the production of alcohol oxidase (AOX), a recombinant Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) system was constructed by transformation of the plasmid pPIC9K-AOX into P. pastoris GS115. The effects of different expression conditions on alcohol oxidase activity in the culture supernatant were investigated in the shake flask scale. The results showed that the highest extracellular activity (562 U/L) of alcohol oxidase was obtained after 56 h induction with 4% methanol at OD600 1.0 in the medium containing 50 g/L maltose, which is about 4.2 folds higher than previously reported. High-purity functional recombinant AOX (>90%) was purified from the culture with the Ni-NTA affinity column and Sephadex G-100 chromatographical methods, with a total recovery rate of 68.9%. Further studies showed that the purified rAOX had similar enzymatic characteristics as the native enzyme, except that the thermal stability and resistance to H2O2 inhibition of rAOX were significantly greater compared to the previous report. The purified rAOX was well tolerant to various water-miscible organic solvents. This efficient expression and purification process will be promising for large-scale production of rAOX as an important diagnostic enzyme for alcohol detection in many areas. 相似文献
946.
湛江高桥红树林和盐沼湿地的大型底栖动物次级生产力 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为了比较湛江高桥潮间带不同植物生境的大型底栖动物次级生产力,根据2010年4个季度湛江高桥潮间带生境的大型底栖动物数据,运用Brey经验公式计算不同植物生境的大型底栖动物次级生产力.结果表明:湛江高桥红树林和盐沼湿地不同生境大型底栖动物平均次级生产力为11.77 g AFDM·m-2·a-1.其中,无瓣海桑生境次级生产力最高,为18.16 g AFDM·m-2·a-1,其次是桐花树、盐地鼠尾粟和木榄生境,分别为17.67、8.34和2.92 g AFDM·m-2·a-1.在4种生境中,木榄生境的年生产力/年均生物量(P/B)最高,为2.38,其次是无瓣海桑、盐地鼠尾粟和桐花树生境,分别为1.23、0.99和0.48.湛江高桥潮间带不同植物生境大型底栖动物次级生产力和P/B值的差异主要与总有机碳含量、食物类型和动物个体大小有关. 相似文献
947.
Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel is a Chinese medicinal herb for "blood-cooling" and detoxification. Now it is used for the treatment of malignant tumor, but the antitumor mechanisms and toxic side effects of P. chinensis are unclear. The present study was undertaken to investigate if P. chinensis saponins (PRS) possesses anticancer effects and toxic side effects in human liver tumor 7402 cells in vitro and vivo. 7402 cells were treated with different concentrations of PRS for 24h. Cell viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The in vivo effect of PRS on 7402 tumor cells transplanted in athymic nude mice was investigated. 15 saponins were isolated and identified from PRS. PRS inhibited the proliferation of human liver tumor 7402 cells in vitro by apoptosis. 19 days after administration of PRS (100, 200mg/kg), the weight of tumor mass was markly decreased in nude mice. The anti-tumor effect of PRS in vivo was associated with a significant increase in the 7402 apoptosis rate. Although PRS inhibited the weight of mice, it showed almost no effect on leukocyte number, liver and spleen weight index. Light microscopic histopathological examination showed that PRS had no specific lesion in organ. These results suggested that P. chinensis saponins exert potential anticancer activity in treating tumors in nude mice and no toxic side effects. 相似文献
948.
949.
T Zhang LH Lu H Liu JW Wang RX Wang YX Zhang JC Tao 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2012,22(18):5827-5832
A series of polyhydric, amino alcohol and tricyclic derivatives were facilely synthesized by D-ring modification of isosteviol. These compounds were screened for their cytotoxic activities against four human tumor cell lines in vitro. Among them, the 15-α-aminomethyl-16-β-hydroxyl isosteviol 23 exhibits significant cytotoxicity superior to the positive control (cisplatin) against EC9706, PC-3 and HCT-116 cell lines. 相似文献
950.
Eight intact antimicrobial peptides were identified from the skin of Odorrana jingdongensis by de novo sequencing following low energy ESI CID Q-TOF MS/MS in positive-mode with the help of Edman degradation and structural similarity analysis. We devised exact mass measurements to discriminate the K/Q amino acid residue in the peptides between 2.0kDa to 3.8kDa. Moreover, the cleavage at the CS bond at the side chain of Met was observed in all the spectra of the peptides containing Met residue. And we found unusual cleavages within the intramolecular disulfide loop with high frequency. Our data revealed that the cleavage pathways are significantly different from those reported previously which are similar to the cycle peptide cleavage mode followed by the secondary cleavage at the CS bond on oxidized Cys. Thus, our results highly suggest that ion series generated from the cleavages within the intramolecular disulfide loop should be considered in both the top-down sequencing and the disulfide bridge location with the presence of a relatively high intensity of MH(+)-28 ion marker. Furthermore, our activity data implied that different AMPs may use different strategies to kill microbes. 相似文献