黏菌代谢产物及其生物活性的研究进展

黏菌代谢产物的研究显示出其较高的应用价值,并取得了较大的进展。本文综述了从黏菌中分离得到的100余个代谢产物,主要包括:脂肪酸、氨基酸、生物碱、萘醌、芳香族化合物、萜类化合物以及酯或其衍生品等。阐述了其抑菌、抗肿瘤、细胞毒及抗氧化活性,简要介绍了化合物的构效关系,同时对黏菌生物活性的研究方法及生物化学特征进行了总结,分析了不同黏菌类群代谢产物的异同。最后对黏菌代谢产物的研究提出了问题与展望。     

湖南湖北两省H6亚型禽流感病毒表面基因的序列分析

2008年至2009年间,在湖南和湖北两省的活禽市场中分离到了14株H6亚型禽流感病毒,为了解这14株病毒之间的分子特征和差异,我们运用PCR和测序鉴定对这14株病毒的NA基因进行了分型,并对其表面基因HA和NA进行序列测定及序列分析.14株H6亚型病毒中,H6N2亚型12株,H6N6亚型2株.序列测定和进化分析结果显示:DK/HN/284的HA基因与其它13株的HA差异性较大,差异性达到19.4%～20.2%,其余13株毒同源性在94.2%～99.9%;N2亚型NA基因的同源性在91.1%～99.9%,差异性比较大;两株N6亚型NA基因同源性为89.5%,差异明显.这些数据表明:不同毒株呈现一定的地域性差异.与我国周边其它地区的H6亚型禽流感毒株序列进行比较发现,只有DK/HN/284的HA基因与香港早期的毒株可能有着共同的来源,其余都与香港和韩国等的毒株有着较大的差异性,并且各个毒株的HA基因上潜在的糖基化位点和受体结合位点也有所不同,这些数据表明,这些毒株表现出明显的异源性.     

家蚕色氨酸羟化酶(TRH)基因的克隆及表达特性分析（英文）

5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)是生物界广泛分布的信号分子,涉及动物的重要行为。5-HT是色氨酸羟化酶(Tryptophan hydroxylase, TRH)将L-色氨酸羟化为5-羟-L-色氨酸,5-羟-L-色氨酸随即被多巴脱羧酶(Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, DDC)脱羧而成。TRH作为5-HT合成的限速酶,在无脊椎动物神经调控中具有重要地位。鳞翅目昆虫中TRH的功能研究并不多。在家蚕中克隆了家蚕TRH (Bombyx mori TRH, BmTRH)的cDNA序列1667bp,其中包含1632bp的开放读码框(Openreadingframe,ORF)。人类TPH或者果蝇TRH(Drosophila TRH, DmTRH)与BmTRH有高度相似性,尤其BmTRH和DmTRH之间大多数氨基酸保守说明它们在系统发育上的密切关系并可能有相似功能。基因表达分析显示BmTRH主要表达于头部和中枢神经组织,免疫组织化学和Western blotting结果显示BmTRH只存在于神经组织中,即BmTRH可能仅参与家蚕的神经活动。此外,家蚕DDC(B.moridecarboxylase,BmDDC)和蛋白具有TRH活性的苯丙氨酸羟化酶基因(Phenylalanine hydroxylase, BmPAH)也在中枢神经系统中有表达,暗示家蚕神经系统5-HT的合成与果蝇中不同,可能有两种不同的调控机制。     

Molecular characterization of avian-like H1N1 swine influenza a viruses isolated in Eastern China, 2011

Currently, three predominant subtypes of influenza virus are prevalent in pig populations worldwide: H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2. European avian-like H1N1 viruses, which were initially detected in European pig populations in 1979, have been circulating in pigs in eastern China since 2007. In this study, six influenza A viruses were isolated from 60 swine lung samples collected from January to April 2011 in eastern China. Based on whole genome sequencing, molecular characteristics of two isolates were determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed the eight genes of the two isolates were closely related to those of the avian-like H1N1 viruses circulating in pig populations, especially similar to those found in China. Four potential glycosylation sites were observed at positions 13, 26, 198, 277 in the HA1 proteins of the two isolates. Due to the presence of a stop codon at codon 12, the isolates contained truncated PB1-F2 proteins. In this study, the isolates contained 591Q, 627E and 701N in the polymerase subunit PB2, which had been shown to be determinants of virulence and host adaptation. The isolates also had a D rather than E at position 92 of the NS1, a marker of mammalian adaptation. Both isolates contained the GPKV motif at the PDZ ligand domain of the 3′ end of the NS1, a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1999, which is distinct from those of avian, human and classical swine viruses. The M2 proteins of the isolates have the mutation (S31N), a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1987, which may confer resistance to amantadine and rimantadine antivirals. Our findings further emphasize the importance of surveillance on the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses in pigs, and raise more concerns about the occurrence of cross-species transmission events.     

Improving the Secretory Expression of an α-Galactosidase from Aspergillus niger in Pichia pastoris

α-Galactosidases are broadly used in feed, food, chemical, pulp, and pharmaceutical industries. However, there lacks a satisfactory microbial cell factory that is able to produce α-galactosidases efficiently and cost-effectively to date, which prevents these important enzymes from greater application. In this study, the secretory expression of an Aspergillus niger α-galactosidase (AGA) in Pichia pastoris was systematically investigated. Through codon optimization, signal peptide replacement, comparative selection of host strain, and saturation mutagenesis of the P1’ residue of Kex2 protease cleavage site for efficient signal peptide removal, a mutant P. pastoris KM71H (Mut^s) strain of AGA-I with the specific P1’ site substitution (Glu to Ile) demonstrated remarkable extracellular α-galactosidase activity of 1299 U/ml upon a 72 h methanol induction in 2.0 L fermenter. The engineered yeast strain AGA-I demonstrated approximately 12-fold higher extracellular activity compared to the initial P. pastoris strain. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the highest yield and productivity of a secreted α-galactosidase in P. pastoris, thus holding great potential for industrial application.     

Movement of the decoding region of the 16 S ribosomal RNA accompanies tRNA translocation

The ribosome undergoes pronounced periodic conformational changes during protein synthesis. Of particular importance are those occurring around the decoding site, the region of the 16 S rRNA interacting with the mRNA-(tRNA)(2) complex. We have incorporated structural information from X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance into cryo-electron microscopic maps of ribosomal complexes designed to capture structural changes at the translocation step of the polypeptide elongation cycle. The A-site region of the decoding site actively participates in the translocation of the tRNA from the A to the P-site upon GTP hydrolysis by elongation factor G, shifting approximately 8 A toward the P-site. This implies that elongation factor G actively pushes both the decoding site and the mRNA/tRNA complex during translocation.     

基因组编辑对酿酒酵母DNA的损伤作用及修复响应

【目的】为了研究基因组编辑工具CRISPR/Cas9和CRISPR/Cpf1所产生的DNA双链断裂(DNA doublestrandbreak,DSB)对酿酒酵母DNA的损伤作用及修复响应情况,对比化学物质甲基磺酸甲酯(methyl methanesulfonate,MMS)对酿酒酵母基因组DNA的损伤和修复,阐明编辑细胞在细胞水平和转录水平上的变化。【方法】起始细胞分为两种情况,包括未进行细胞周期同步化和被α-因子同步化细胞周期至G0/G1期。检测CRISPR/Cas9和CRISPR/Cpf1处理后编辑细胞的生长情况。利用流式细胞术检测编辑细胞的细胞周期延滞的情况。利用荧光定量PCR检测编辑细胞和MMS处理细胞后DNA损伤响应关键基因转录表达水平的变化情况。【结果】起始细胞无论是未同步化还是同步化,其生长均受到基因组编辑抑制,细胞存活率降低,细胞周期被滞留在G2/M期,而MMS处理导致细胞周期S期的滞留。此外,随编辑时间的延长,突变率增加,细胞存活率降低。CRISPR/Cpf1编辑细胞的突变率和存活率均低于CRISPR/Cas9,由此可见,CRISPR/Cpf1对细胞的损伤强度高于CRISPR/Cas9。两种编辑均诱导酵母DNA损伤响应关键基因RNR3及HUG1转录水平显著上调,并且CRISPR/Cpf1介导的上调幅度大于CRISPR/Cas9,但两者均低于MMS的处理。【结论】本研究解析了CRISPR/Cas9和CRISPR/Cpf1介导的基因组编辑在细胞水平和转录水平上对DNA损伤作用及修复响应,初步揭示了酿酒酵母应对不同类型的DSB损伤时响应程度的差异,为提高基因组编辑工具的编辑能力和评估基因编辑安全性提供了重要依据。     

Evidence for a novel GTPase priming step in the SRP protein targeting pathway.

Protein targeting by the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway requires the interaction of two homologous GTPases that reciprocally regulate each other's GTPase activity, the SRP signal peptide- binding subunit (SRP54) and the SRP receptor alpha-subunit (SRalpha). The GTPase domain of both proteins abuts a unique 'N domain' that appears to facilitate external ligand binding. To examine the relationship between the unusual regulation and unique architecture of the SRP pathway GTPases, we mutated an invariant glycine in Escherichia coli SRP54 and SRalpha orthologs ('Ffh' and 'FtsY', respectively) that resides at the N-GTPase domain interface. A G257A mutation in Ffh produced a lethal phenotype. The mutation did not significantly affect Ffh function, but severely reduced interaction with FtsY. Likewise, mutation of FtsY Gly455 produced growth defects and inhibited interaction with Ffh. The data suggest that Ffh and FtsY interact only in a 'primed' conformation which requires interdomain communication. Based on these results, we propose that the distinctive features of the SRP pathway GTPases evolved to ensure that SRP and the SR engage external ligands before interacting with each other.     

基于核糖体基因的鳞钙皮菌种内分子关系分析

为探讨不同地域的鳞钙皮菌Didymium squamulosum种内分子亲缘关系,通过PCR扩增鳞钙皮菌子实体及原质团DNA,得到SSU、ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA基因区域,并以SSU、5.8S rRNA基因片段构建NJ亲缘关系树。