基因树冲突与系统发育基因组学研究

随着越来越多的基因序列被运用于系统发育重建中,随之产生的基因树冲突已成为分子系统发育研究中日益突出的问题.因此,在分子系统发育研究中,应正确理解基因树和物种树之间的差异,充分注意和分析基因树冲突的原因,正确解释分子系统发育的结果.本文通过一些典型实例分析了在多基因系统发育研究中引发基因树冲突的三类主要原因:随机误差、系统误差和生物学因素.在此基础上,对近年来兴起的系统发育基因组学进行了介绍,并以稻属Oryza研究为例,阐述了系统发育基因组学方法在解决基因树冲突以及系统发育研究中的优势和应用价值,并进一步探讨了解决基因树冲突的策略和方法,以期为分子系统发育研究提供一些肩示和帮助.     

中国不同地域恒河猴MHC-Ⅰ型部分等位基因的调查

采用序列特异性引物-聚合酶链式反应(PCR-SSP)分型方法对在华南灵长类动物研究中心繁殖的247只中国恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)(其中30只来源于广西、34只来源于海南,183只来源于川西、安徽等内陆地区杂交群)的Mamu-A01、A02、A08、B01和NA7等5个MHC-Ⅰ型分子位点进行检测。结果显示,A01、A02发现于海南群和杂交群,阳性率均小于8.8%;A08发现于杂交群中,阳性率小于3.8%;B01发现于广西群和杂交群,阳性率均大于17.48%;NA7在3个猴群中均有发现,阳性率均大于32.4%。中国不同地域恒河猴群体携带的5个MHC-Ⅰ型等位基因的频率存在明显差异,通过与印度的恒河猴比较,中国恒河猴与印度恒河猴携带的MHC-Ⅰ等位基因也存在显著的差异。     

射线诱导在体造血细胞凋亡的量时效关系的研究

以4—10Gy射线在体损伤的小鼠为模型,应用DNA电泳和流式细胞术等方法证实细胞凋亡是射线损伤在体骨髓造血细胞的途径之一,发现射线诱导的造血细胞凋亡有明显的量效和时效关系。4、6、8和10Gy照射后,细胞凋亡发生率均表现为升高-降低过程,各剂量诱导的凋亡发生率峰值分别出现在照后12、8、4和4h,6和8Gy诱导的凋亡发生率已达最高水平,约为30％,10Gy诱导的凋亡反而要低。上述结果表明,诱导细胞凋亡是射线损伤骨髓造血细胞的一个重要途径,而且凋亡的发生率受照射剂量和照后时间的影响。因此,深入研究射线诱导的细胞凋亡,将有助于揭示射线损伤造血功能的机理。     

Noncoding RNAs in acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI), caused by various stimuli including ischemia reperfusion, nephrotoxic insult, and sepsis, is characterized by abrupt decline of kidney function. Till now, the molecular mechanisms for AKI have not been fully explored and the effective therapies are still lacking. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), a group of biomolecules function at RNA level, are involved in a wide range of physiopathological processes including AKI. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the most extensively studied ncRNAs in AKI. Evidence indicated that miRNAs are altered significantly in various types of AKI. Gain-and-loss-of-function studies demonstrated that miRNAs, such as miR-24, miR-126, miR-494, and miR-687, may bind to the 3′-untranslated region of their target genes to regulate inflammation, programmed cell death, and cell cycle in the injury and repair stages of AKI, indicating their therapeutic potential in AKI. In contrast, functions of long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs in AKI are hot topics but still largely unknown. Additionally, ncRNAs packaged in exosome can be detected in circulation and urine, they may serve as specific biomarkers for AKI. This review summarized the alteration and functional role of ncRNAs and their therapeutic potential in AKI.     

MAPK 级联途径在植物信号转导中的研究进展

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)在植物的胁迫反应应答方面占有重要地位。本文就MAPK的基本组成、分类、激发子和两种可能的机理的最新进展作了综述。并介绍了近年来此领域中的研究方法,包括MAPK活性测定的方法、免疫沉淀法、酵母双杂交、基因突变、RNA干涉和网络模式法。     

肝硬化小鼠肠道菌群结构及血清炎性因子的变化简

目的：观察肝硬化小鼠肠道菌群结构及血清炎性因子水平的变化。方法：通过CCL灌胃构建小鼠的肝硬化模型;采用酶联免疫吸附法检测肝硬化进程中血清内毒素及炎性因子IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α水平的变化;采集肝硬化小鼠新鲜粪便,通过荧光定量PCR实验检测肠道目的菌群的改变。结果：肝硬化小鼠肠道中拟杆菌属和梭菌属细菌显著减少,韦荣球菌属、肠杆菌属和肠球菌属细菌显著增加;随着肝硬化进程的加重,小鼠血液中内毒素及炎性因子水平显著提高。结论：肝硬化导致小鼠肠道菌群失调,促进了血液中内毒素及炎性因子水平的提高,形成恶性循环。     

地理统计学表达的麦二叉蚜及蚜茧蜂空间格局特征

应用地理统计学的原理和方法研究了不同时期麦二叉蚜及蚜茧峰种群的空间结构的空间相关性。结果表明,不同时期麦二叉蚜种群的半变异函数曲线皆为球型,其空间格局为聚集型,变程在21-61cm之间;蚜茧蜂种群的拟合半变民间函数曲线也表现为球型,呈聚集空间格局,空间变程在36-55cm之间,并与麦二叉蚜种群在数量和空间上有较强的追随关系,说明蚜茧蜂种群是麦二叉蚜种群的优势种天敌。     

一种新的肝细胞生成素（HPO）转录本及其生物学活性

利用 5′RACE技术从人胎肝组织中分离一种新形式的肝细胞生成素 (HPO 2 0 5 )cDNA ,其编码蛋白质氨基酸序列的N端较已报道的人肝细胞生成素HPO(hepatopoietin)多 80个氨基酸 ,推测其蛋白质分子量为 2 3kD。RT PCR检测HPOmRNA在多种肝癌细胞中表达 ,Western印迹可检测到 2 3kDHPO 2 0 5表达 ,表明此种形式HPO在自然状态下存在。将构建的HPO 2 0 5真核表达载体转染入COS 7细胞 ,其表达蛋白质能够刺激HepG2肝癌细胞DNA合成 ;将HPO 2 0 5、HPO和荷空表达载体分别转染入低水平表达HPO的Bel 740 2肝癌细胞株 ,发现HPO 2 0 5比HPO具有较强的激活MAPK磷酸化的活性。细胞周期分析稳定转染HPO 2 0 5 ,HPO细胞的增殖周期也支持这一结论。这些结果表明HPO 2 0 5具有刺激肝源性细胞增殖的活性 ,并提示HPO 2 0 5可能较HPO有更强的生物学活性     

RhoA/Rho Kinase Mediates Neuronal Death Through Regulating cPLA<Subscript>2</Subscript> Activation

Activation of RhoA/Rho kinase leads to growth cone collapse and neurite retraction. Although RhoA/Rho kinase inhibition has been shown to improve axon regeneration, remyelination and functional recovery, its role in neuronal cell death remains unclear. To determine whether RhoA/Rho kinase played a role in neuronal death after injury, we investigated the relationship between RhoA/Rho kinase and cytosolic phospholipase A₂ (cPLA₂), a lipase that mediates inflammation and cell death, using an in vitro neuronal death model and an in vivo contusive spinal cord injury model performed at the 10th thoracic (T10) vertebral level. We found that co-administration of TNF-α and glutamate induced spinal neuron death, and activation of RhoA, Rho kinase and cPLA₂. Inhibition of RhoA, Rho kinase and cPLA₂ significantly reduced TNF-α/glutamate-induced cell death by 33, 52 and 43 %, respectively (p < 0.001). Inhibition of RhoA and Rho kinase also significantly downregulated cPLA₂ activation by 66 and 60 %, respectively (p < 0.01). Furthermore, inhibition of RhoA and Rho kinase reduced the release of arachidonic acid, a downstream substrate of cPLA₂. The immunofluorescence staining showed that ROCK₁ or ROCK₂, two isoforms of Rho kinase, was co-localized with cPLA₂ in neuronal cytoplasm. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay showed that ROCK₁ or ROCK₂ bonded directly with cPLA₂ and phospho-cPLA₂. When the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 was applied in mice with T10 contusion injury, it significantly decreased cPLA₂ activation and expression and reduced injury-induced apoptosis at and close to the lesion site. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism of RhoA/Rho kinase-mediated neuronal death through regulating cPLA₂ activation.