薏苡胚发育及贮藏营养物质积累的研究

薏苡（Ｃｏｉｘ ｌａｃｒｙｍ ａ－ｊｏｂｉ）胚发育分下列各期：棒形胚前的原胚期、棒形胚期、胚芽鞘期、１叶期、２ 叶期、３叶期、４ 叶期、５ 叶期及６叶期成熟胚。３ 叶期胚具１ 条不定根（种子根）,４ 叶期具２ 条,５ 叶期及成熟胚期具３ 条。不定根与胚根排成１ 纵行。营养物质最先在盾片细胞中积累。开花后９ 天的１ 叶期胚,在盾片、胚芽鞘及胚轴细胞中积累了淀粉,以后遍及成熟胚的各部分。淀粉粒含量与器官发生及生长顺序成正相关,但发育后期,盾片细胞内的淀粉粒含量下降。开花后１０ 天,盾片细胞中形成含晶体的蛋白质体,晶体含蛋白质及植酸钙镁。以后,这种蛋白质体增多、增大。同时,又形成不含晶体的蛋白质体。一定时期,含晶体的蛋白质体消失,不含晶体的蛋白质体增多,直到胚成熟。开花后１３ 天,胚芽鞘上部细胞形成蛋白质体。以后遍及成熟胚的各部分,器官发生越早,所含蛋白质体越多、越大。开花后１０ 天,盾片细胞中产生了脂体,成熟胚的盾片细胞,含有大量的脂体。还观察了胚发育各期与颖果及盾片长度的对应关系     

Fast classification and compositional analysis of cornstover fractions using Fourier transform near-infrared techniques

The objectives of this research were to determine the variation of chemical composition across botanical fractions of cornstover, and to probe the potential of Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) techniques in qualitatively classifying separated cornstover fractions and in quantitatively analyzing chemical compositions of cornstover by developing calibration models to predict chemical compositions of cornstover based on FT-NIR spectra. Large variations of cornstover chemical composition for wide calibration ranges, which is required by a reliable calibration model, were achieved by manually separating the cornstover samples into six botanical fractions, and their chemical compositions were determined by conventional wet chemical analyses, which proved that chemical composition varies significantly among different botanical fractions of cornstover. Different botanic fractions, having total saccharide content in descending order, are husk, sheath, pith, rind, leaf, and node. Based on FT-NIR spectra acquired on the biomass, classification by Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) was employed to conduct qualitative classification of cornstover fractions, and partial least square (PLS) regression was used for quantitative chemical composition analysis. SIMCA was successfully demonstrated in classifying botanical fractions of cornstover. The developed PLS model yielded root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP %w/w) of 0.92, 1.03, 0.17, 0.27, 0.21, 1.12, and 0.57 for glucan, xylan, galactan, arabinan, mannan, lignin, and ash, respectively. The results showed the potential of FT-NIR techniques in combination with multivariate analysis to be utilized by biomass feedstock suppliers, bioethanol manufacturers, and bio-power producers in order to better manage bioenergy feedstocks and enhance bioconversion.     

Promoting human embryonic stem cell renewal or differentiation by modulating Wnt signal and culture conditions

We previously showed that Wnt3a could stimulate human embryonic stem （hES） cell proliferation and affect cell fate determination. In the absence of feeder cell--derived factors, hES cells cultured under a feeder-free condition survived and proliferated poorly. Adding recombinant Wnt3a in the absence of feeder cell derived-factors stimulated hES cell proliferation but also differentiation. In the present study, we further extended our analysis to other Wnt ligands such as Wntl and Wnt5a. While Wntl displayed a similar effect on hES cells as Wnt3a, Wnt5a had little effect in this system. Wnt3a and Wntl enhanced proliferation of undifferentiated hES cells when feeder-derived self-renewal factors and bFGF are also present. To explore the possibility to promote the proliferation of undifferentiated hES cells by activating the Wnt signaling, we overexpressed Wnt3a or Wntl gene in immortalized human adult fibroblast （HAFi） cells that are superior in supporting long-term growth of undifferentiated hES cells than primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. HAFi cells with or without a Wnt tmnsgene can be propagated indefinitely. Over-expression of the Wnt3a gene significantly enhanced the ability of HAFi feeder cells to support the undifferentiated growth of 3 different hES cell lines we tested. Co-expression of three commonly-used drug selection genes in Wnt3a-overpressing HAFi cells further enabled us to select rare hES clones after stable transfection or transduction. These immortalized engineered feeder cells （W3R） that co-express growth-promoting genes such as Wnt3a and three drug selection genes should empower us to efficiently make genetic modified hES cell lines for basic and translational research.     

Toward a theory for diversity gradients: the abundance–adaptation hypothesis

The abundance–adaptation hypothesis argues that taxa with more individuals and faster generation times will have more evolutionary ‘experiments’ allowing expansion into, and diversification within, novel habitats. Thus, as older taxa have produced more individuals over time, and smaller taxa have higher population sizes and faster generation times, the Latitudinal Diversity Gradients (LDGs) of these clades should show shallower slopes. We describe the LDGs for archaea, bacteria, fungi, invertebrates and trees from six North American forests. For three focal groups – bacteria, ants, and trees – older taxa had shallower LDG slopes than the more recent, terminal taxa. Across 12 orders of magnitude of body mass, LDG slopes were steeper in larger taxa. The slopes of LDGs vary systematically with body size and clade age, underscoring the non‐canonical nature of LDGs. The steepest LDG slopes were found for the largest organisms while the smallest, from bacteria to small litter‐soil invertebrates, have shallower‐ to zero‐slope LDGs. If tropical niche conservatism is the failure of clades to adapt to, and diversify in temperate habitats, then the steep LDGs of chordates and plants likely arise from the decreased ability of clades with large individuals to adapt to the multiple challenges of extra‐tropical life.     

Antiviral flavonoids from the root bark of Morus alba L

A prenylated flavonoid, moralbanone, along with seven known compounds kuwanon S, mulberroside C, cyclomorusin, eudraflavone B hydroperoxide, oxydihydromorusin, leachianone G and alpha-acetyl-amyrin were isolated from the root bark of Morus alba L. Leachianone G showed potent antiviral activity (IC(50) = 1.6 microg/ml), whereas mulberroside C showed weak activity (IC(50) = 75.4 microg/ml) against herpes simplex type 1 virus (HSV-1). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.     

氟康唑3日间隔疗法治疗念珠菌性外阴、阴道炎疗效观察

目的探讨氟康唑3日间隔疗法治疗念珠菌性外阴、阴道炎的临床疗效。方法110例患者随机分为两组．治疗组60例采用氟康唑3日间隔疗法（第1日服药150mg后．第4、7日各再服1次）,对照组50例1次单剂量口服氟康唑150mg。结果治疗组和对照组有效率分别为86．67％、72．00％．差异有显著性（χ^2=9．46,P〈0．05）．结论氟康唑3日间隔疗法治疗念珠菌性外阴、阴道炎疗效好。毒副作用小,安全性高。     

五唇兰雌配子体发育和胚胎发生的研究

五唇兰的胚珠倒生型,具薄珠心,两层珠被。胚囊发育为双孢子葱型,成熟胚囊８核。从传粉到受精约５０ｄ,正常双受精。胚具５－６细胞的胚柄,种子成熟时胚柄及胚乳核消失,成熟种子只具单层细胞的种皮和一个未分化的珠珠形胚。     

Engineering of Plasmin-Resistant Forms of Streptokinase and Their Production in Bacillus subtilis: Streptokinase with Longer Functional Half-Life

The short in vivo half-life of streptokinase limits its efficacy as an efficient blood clot-dissolving agent. During the clot-dissolving process, streptokinase is processed to smaller intermediates by plasmin. Two of the major processing sites are Lys59 and Lys386. We engineered two versions of streptokinase with either one of the lysine residues changed to glutamine and a third version with both mutations. These mutant streptokinase proteins (muteins) were produced by secretion with the protease-deficient Bacillus subtilis WB600 as the host. The purified muteins retained comparable kinetics parameters in plasminogen activation and showed different degrees of resistance to plasmin depending on the nature of the mutation. Muteins with double mutations had half-lives that were extended 21-fold when assayed in a 1:1 molar ratio with plasminogen in vitro and showed better plasminogen activation activity with time in the radial caseinolysis assay. This study indicates that plasmin-mediated processing leads to the inactivation of streptokinase and is not required to convert streptokinase to its active form. Plasmin-resistant forms of streptokinase can be engineered without affecting their activity, and blockage of the N-terminal cleavage site is essential to generate engineered streptokinase with a longer in vitro functional half-life.