光照或黑暗条件下野火病菌侵染对烟草光合机构的影响

烟草野火病菌(Pst)是一种兼性营养型的细菌致病菌,它可以引起烟草发生褐色病斑,名为野火病.近年来Pst受到很多关注,然而大多数对Pst的研究主要集中在寄主和非寄主植物对Pst侵染的防御机制和产自于野火病菌的野火毒素上,Pst侵染对烟草叶片光合性能的影响及其机理尚未见报道.研究Pst侵染后对光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的影响不仅可以帮助阐明烟草-Pst 相互作用的机制,还可以从生理角度加深对细菌致病菌病害的了解.本研究采用叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线分析、类囊体膜蛋白Western分析、活性氧(ROS)和叶绿素含量测定等方法,探讨光照(200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)或黑暗条件下Pst侵染对烟草光系统Ⅱ的影响.结果表明: 与未处理相比,Pst侵染3 d后在光照和黑暗条件下叶片侵染区域叶绿素含量均显著下降,出现萎黄病变,注射区域呈现出明显的野火病特征.光照和黑暗条件下,侵染3 d后烟草叶片过氧化氢含量明显升高,光照条件下要比黑暗条件下升高比例更大.Pst侵染3 d后,光照和黑暗条件下烟草叶片注射区域叶绿素荧光动力学曲线中K点和J点的相对可变荧光W_K和V_J逐渐增大,叶片最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和单位面积有活性反应中心的数目(RC/CSm)均显著下降.此外,相对于光照条件,Pst侵染后在黑暗条件下W_K和V_J的升高程度更大,说明对K点和J点的抑制程度更严重.Pst侵染3 d后,在光照和黑暗条件下放氧复合体(OEC)的核心组分PsaO、光系统Ⅱ反应中心核心蛋白D1蛋白均发生明显的降解,且在黑暗条件下降解更为严重.表明Pst侵染后,在光照和黑暗条件下均会使光合电子传递链Q_A到Q_B的电子传递受到限制,放氧复合体受到伤害,烟草叶片光系统Ⅱ供体侧、受体侧、反应中心的数目和活性均受到伤害,光系统Ⅱ发生光抑制或类似光抑制的伤害,且在黑暗条件下对光系统Ⅱ的伤害程度比光照条件下更为严重.     

增密减氮对东北水稻产量、氮肥利用效率及温室效应的影响

水稻生产正向资源节约和环境友好的方向转型,常规高产稻作技术亟待创新.本研究以粳稻辽星1号为试材,在2012、2013年研究密度增加、基蘖肥减少、穗肥稳定的“增密减氮”栽培模式对东北水稻产量和氮肥利用效率及温室效应的影响.结果表明： 与常规高产栽培模式相比,在基本苗增加33.3%和基蘖肥施氮量减少20.0%的条件下,氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力两年平均分别提高49.6%(P<0.05)和20.4%(P<0.05),单位面积和单位产量的温室效应两年平均分别下降9.9%和12.7%(P<0.05).虽然水稻有效穗数和总生物量下降,但结实率和收获指数提高,所以产量基本稳定甚至提高.增密减氮降低了土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N浓度,提高了氮素回收效率.表明适度增密减氮可兼顾水稻高产、氮肥高效利用和温室气体减排.     

浅层地下水对华北地区河岸杨树林树干液流的影响

华北地区河岸杨树林生长季的用水特征对杨树人工林经营管理具有重要意义.本文以北京市潮白河畔的杨树人工林为研究对象,采用热扩散式探针(TDP)测定树干液流、管式TDR土壤含水量法测定土壤体积含水量、开路涡度相关系统测定环境因子数据,对2014年6—7月的杨树树干液流及其影响因素进行系统研究,以探究浅层地下水对树干液流的可能影响.结果表明: 杨树树干液流日变化随太阳辐射呈现单峰或双峰变化,在土壤水分相对亏缺时,杨树树干液流密度明显减小,达到峰值的时间从14:00提前到12:30,但树干液流对太阳辐射的时滞效应没有明显变化.在表层土壤水分相对充足时,太阳辐射和空气饱和水汽压差是杨树树干液流变化的主导因子,但在表层土壤水分亏缺时,土壤水会成为杨树树干液流的限制因子;当表层土壤水分相对亏缺时,杨树单株耗水与100 cm土层土壤体积含水量呈显著负相关,与其余各土层体积含水量呈显著正相关.浅层地下水(相对稳定的150 cm及更深处)在土壤表层土壤水分含量相对亏缺时,可在毛管力作用下对上层土壤水进行补充,供给杨树生长需要.     

外来入侵菊方翅网蝽生物学特性及实验种群生命表

为了解近年来入侵我国的菊方翅网蝽的生物学特性,并为该昆虫种群在我国未来发展的趋势及防治提供科学依据,我们在温度(25±2) ℃、湿度(80±5)%、光周期L∶D=14∶10的实验室条件下,饲养、观察并记录了其各龄幼虫的形态特征,测定了该虫生长发育历期、存活率和产卵量等,构建了实验种群繁殖特征生命表,并计算了种群动态的相关参数.结果表明: 菊方翅网蝽的卵期为(14.58±1.17) d,若虫期为(14.88±1.45) d,成虫寿命为(59.88±5.85) d,单雌产卵量为(87.2±17.8)粒.该实验种群的内禀增长率(r_m)为0.05,周限增长率(λ)为1.06,世代平均历期(T)为46.11 d,净繁殖率(R₀)为11.88,种群加倍时间(t)为12.91 d;此外,在种群的稳定年龄组配中,若虫期占59.3%,成虫期占40.7%.预计菊方翅网蝽有可能会在中国进一步扩散并造成潜在的危害.     

北大西洋大青鲨种群统计分析

大青鲨是金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中最主要的兼捕鱼种,在海洋食物网中属于顶端物种,在海洋生态系统中处于重要地位.由于数据限制,传统的资源评估方法很难准确描述大青鲨的资源动态.本研究基于大青鲨的生活史参数,应用种群统计分析法评估大青鲨的种群参数和资源状态,并探讨了内禀增长率为0时对应的临界捕捞死亡系数F_c与开捕年龄t_c的关系.结果表明： 未开发状态下,大青鲨存活率为0.719～0.820;大青鲨的内在瞬时增长率(r₀)为0.250～0.381,种群倍增时间(t_x2)为1.819～2.773年,种群的净繁殖力(R₀)为6.600～22.255,世代间期时间(G)为8.498～〖JP2〗10.162年,种群资源状态良好.生活史参数的敏感性检验显示,大青鲨初始年龄的自然死亡系数、种群性成熟年龄及寿命的不确定性对种群统计参数的意义影响不大;临界捕捞死亡系数伴随开捕年龄的增大而增大,当t_c≥5时,F_c值与t_c无显著相关关系.     

低温和光周期对西藏飞蝗体内物质的影响

为探讨西藏飞蝗对环境的适应机制,本文采用全光照(24L/0D)、全黑暗(0L/24D)与5 ℃低温相结合的试验处理,研究了低温和光照胁迫对西藏飞蝗体内物质含量变化的影响.结果表明： 西藏飞蝗虫体脂肪含量以未经低温胁迫的全光照处理最高,达到11.8%.经低温和黑暗处理的西藏飞蝗虫体脂肪含量最低,为4.7%.经低温胁迫处理后虫体的海藻糖、甘露醇以和山梨醇含量显著高于未经低温胁迫处理.虫体糖原含量以未经低温胁迫的全光照处理最高,达6.40 mg·g^-1.低温和黑暗处理还诱导丙氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸和苯丙氨酸累积,促使西藏飞蝗体内多种氨基酸、甘油、小分子碳水化合物积累,糖原和脂肪含量降低.     

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Patterns in Chinese Cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus pseudocerasus</Emphasis> Lindl) Landraces

Chinese cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.) is an ancient fruit crop with highly economic and ornamental values. It originated in China and the cultivation history can be traced back to 3,000 - 4,000 years ago. Over such a long-term domestication process, a large number of genetic variations have been accumulated in different landraces. However, their utilization for cultivar improvement is limited by the scarcity of information involving genetic diversity and population structure. Here, 17 populations comprised of 140 individuals were collected from four geographic areas: Sichuan Basin (SC), Qinglin Mountain (QL), Yungui Plateau (YG) and North of China (NC), and analyzed using a set of 20 microsatellite markers. In total, 126 polymorphic loci were generated, with 6.3 loci per primer. The global expected heterozygosity (He = 0.63) and Shannon information index (I = 1.23) implied a moderately high level of genetic variation. Two major clusters (cluster 1 and cluster 2) were demonstrated based on population structure analysis, which implied the presence of two potential domestication sites of Chinese cherry landraces. Individuals from SC were assigned to cluster 1 and those from QL, YG and NC were grouped into cluster 2. Samples from QL region contained the most plentiful admixture genetic components, implied the possibility of being one transition region of genetic variation. Moreover, botanical characteristics, such as long lifespan, inbreeding preference as well as vegetative propagation, might lead to a relatively low level but significant genetic divergence among populations. Finally, conservation strategies were proposed to protect these valuable natural germplasm based on these results.     

Genomewide analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">MATE</Emphasis>-type gene family in maize reveals microsynteny and their expression patterns under aluminum treatment

Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins are a group of secondary active transporters, which widely exist in all living organisms and play important role in the detoxication of endogenous secondary metabolites and exogenous agents. However, to date, no systematic and comprehensive study of this family is reported in maize. Here, a total of 49 MATE genes (ZmMATE) were identified and divided into seven groups by phylogenetic analysis. Conserved intro–exon structures and motif compositions were investigated in these genes. Results by gene locations indicated that these genes were unevenly distributed among all 10 chromosomes. Tandem and segmental duplications appeared to contribute to the expansion and evolution of this gene family. The K_a/ K_s ratios suggested that the ZmMATE has undergone large-scale purifying selection on the maize genome. Interspecies microsynteny analysis revealed that there were independent gene duplication events of 10 ZmMATE. In addition, most maize MATE genes exhibited different expression profiles in diverse tissues and developmental stages. Sixteen MATE genes were chosen for further quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed differential expression patterns in response to aluminum treatment. These results provide a useful clue for future studies on the identification of MATE genes and functional analysis of MATE proteins in maize.     

Screening and identification of a microsatellite marker associated with sex in Wami tilapia, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis urolepis hornorum</Emphasis>

In this study, primer pairs of 15 microsatellite markers associated with sex determination of tilapia were selected and amplified in Wami tilapia, Oreochromis urolepis hornorum. While one marker, UNH168, on linkage group 3 (LG3) was associated (P < 0.001) with the phenotypic sex in the experimental population, nine genotypes were detected in both sexes. Only 99-bp allele was detected in the female samples, while 141, 149 and 157-bp alleles were present in both male and female samples. UNH168 was localized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the long arm of the largest tilapia chromosome pair (chromosome 1, equivalent to LG3). This sex-linked microsatellite marker could potentially be used for marker-assisted selection in tilapia breeding programmes to produce monosex male tilapia.