浅层地下水对华北地区河岸杨树林树干液流的影响

华北地区河岸杨树林生长季的用水特征对杨树人工林经营管理具有重要意义.本文以北京市潮白河畔的杨树人工林为研究对象,采用热扩散式探针(TDP)测定树干液流、管式TDR土壤含水量法测定土壤体积含水量、开路涡度相关系统测定环境因子数据,对2014年6—7月的杨树树干液流及其影响因素进行系统研究,以探究浅层地下水对树干液流的可能影响.结果表明: 杨树树干液流日变化随太阳辐射呈现单峰或双峰变化,在土壤水分相对亏缺时,杨树树干液流密度明显减小,达到峰值的时间从14:00提前到12:30,但树干液流对太阳辐射的时滞效应没有明显变化.在表层土壤水分相对充足时,太阳辐射和空气饱和水汽压差是杨树树干液流变化的主导因子,但在表层土壤水分亏缺时,土壤水会成为杨树树干液流的限制因子;当表层土壤水分相对亏缺时,杨树单株耗水与100 cm土层土壤体积含水量呈显著负相关,与其余各土层体积含水量呈显著正相关.浅层地下水(相对稳定的150 cm及更深处)在土壤表层土壤水分含量相对亏缺时,可在毛管力作用下对上层土壤水进行补充,供给杨树生长需要.     

外来入侵菊方翅网蝽生物学特性及实验种群生命表

为了解近年来入侵我国的菊方翅网蝽的生物学特性,并为该昆虫种群在我国未来发展的趋势及防治提供科学依据,我们在温度(25±2) ℃、湿度(80±5)%、光周期L∶D=14∶10的实验室条件下,饲养、观察并记录了其各龄幼虫的形态特征,测定了该虫生长发育历期、存活率和产卵量等,构建了实验种群繁殖特征生命表,并计算了种群动态的相关参数.结果表明: 菊方翅网蝽的卵期为(14.58±1.17) d,若虫期为(14.88±1.45) d,成虫寿命为(59.88±5.85) d,单雌产卵量为(87.2±17.8)粒.该实验种群的内禀增长率(r_m)为0.05,周限增长率(λ)为1.06,世代平均历期(T)为46.11 d,净繁殖率(R₀)为11.88,种群加倍时间(t)为12.91 d;此外,在种群的稳定年龄组配中,若虫期占59.3%,成虫期占40.7%.预计菊方翅网蝽有可能会在中国进一步扩散并造成潜在的危害.     

北大西洋大青鲨种群统计分析

大青鲨是金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中最主要的兼捕鱼种,在海洋食物网中属于顶端物种,在海洋生态系统中处于重要地位.由于数据限制,传统的资源评估方法很难准确描述大青鲨的资源动态.本研究基于大青鲨的生活史参数,应用种群统计分析法评估大青鲨的种群参数和资源状态,并探讨了内禀增长率为0时对应的临界捕捞死亡系数F_c与开捕年龄t_c的关系.结果表明： 未开发状态下,大青鲨存活率为0.719～0.820;大青鲨的内在瞬时增长率(r₀)为0.250～0.381,种群倍增时间(t_x2)为1.819～2.773年,种群的净繁殖力(R₀)为6.600～22.255,世代间期时间(G)为8.498～〖JP2〗10.162年,种群资源状态良好.生活史参数的敏感性检验显示,大青鲨初始年龄的自然死亡系数、种群性成熟年龄及寿命的不确定性对种群统计参数的意义影响不大;临界捕捞死亡系数伴随开捕年龄的增大而增大,当t_c≥5时,F_c值与t_c无显著相关关系.     

低温和光周期对西藏飞蝗体内物质的影响

为探讨西藏飞蝗对环境的适应机制,本文采用全光照(24L/0D)、全黑暗(0L/24D)与5 ℃低温相结合的试验处理,研究了低温和光照胁迫对西藏飞蝗体内物质含量变化的影响.结果表明： 西藏飞蝗虫体脂肪含量以未经低温胁迫的全光照处理最高,达到11.8%.经低温和黑暗处理的西藏飞蝗虫体脂肪含量最低,为4.7%.经低温胁迫处理后虫体的海藻糖、甘露醇以和山梨醇含量显著高于未经低温胁迫处理.虫体糖原含量以未经低温胁迫的全光照处理最高,达6.40 mg·g^-1.低温和黑暗处理还诱导丙氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸和苯丙氨酸累积,促使西藏飞蝗体内多种氨基酸、甘油、小分子碳水化合物积累,糖原和脂肪含量降低.     

Genomewide analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">MATE</Emphasis>-type gene family in maize reveals microsynteny and their expression patterns under aluminum treatment

Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins are a group of secondary active transporters, which widely exist in all living organisms and play important role in the detoxication of endogenous secondary metabolites and exogenous agents. However, to date, no systematic and comprehensive study of this family is reported in maize. Here, a total of 49 MATE genes (ZmMATE) were identified and divided into seven groups by phylogenetic analysis. Conserved intro–exon structures and motif compositions were investigated in these genes. Results by gene locations indicated that these genes were unevenly distributed among all 10 chromosomes. Tandem and segmental duplications appeared to contribute to the expansion and evolution of this gene family. The K_a/ K_s ratios suggested that the ZmMATE has undergone large-scale purifying selection on the maize genome. Interspecies microsynteny analysis revealed that there were independent gene duplication events of 10 ZmMATE. In addition, most maize MATE genes exhibited different expression profiles in diverse tissues and developmental stages. Sixteen MATE genes were chosen for further quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed differential expression patterns in response to aluminum treatment. These results provide a useful clue for future studies on the identification of MATE genes and functional analysis of MATE proteins in maize.     

Screening and identification of a microsatellite marker associated with sex in Wami tilapia, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis urolepis hornorum</Emphasis>

In this study, primer pairs of 15 microsatellite markers associated with sex determination of tilapia were selected and amplified in Wami tilapia, Oreochromis urolepis hornorum. While one marker, UNH168, on linkage group 3 (LG3) was associated (P < 0.001) with the phenotypic sex in the experimental population, nine genotypes were detected in both sexes. Only 99-bp allele was detected in the female samples, while 141, 149 and 157-bp alleles were present in both male and female samples. UNH168 was localized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the long arm of the largest tilapia chromosome pair (chromosome 1, equivalent to LG3). This sex-linked microsatellite marker could potentially be used for marker-assisted selection in tilapia breeding programmes to produce monosex male tilapia.     

锰过氧化物酶的耦合固定化及其性质研究

分别采用海藻酸钠、明胶和壳聚糖为载体,并以戊二醛为交联剂,通过包埋-交联和吸附-交联两种耦合固定化方法制备固定化锰过氧化物酶。探讨了酶的不同固定化条件和固定化酶的部分性能。与游离酶相比,制备的3种固定化酶最适反应pH分别由7.0降低到5.0、5.0和3.0,最适反应温度分别由35℃升高到75℃、55℃和75℃。3种固定化酶的耐热性都显著提高,其中用壳聚糖制成的固定化酶在pH 2.2～11的宽范围内表现出很好的酸碱耐受性。30℃连续测定6～9次酶活力,重复使用的3种固定化酶显示出良好的稳定性。将固定化酶应用在偶氮染料的脱色中,用明胶制成的固定化酶在静置和摇床条件下,以及用海藻酸钠制成的固定化酶在摇床条件下,均表现出与游离酶相近的脱色能力,并且在重复进行的摇床实验中,脱色能力未降低,反应前后的酶活力均没有损失。     

糖抗原决定簇与异种移植超急性排斥

近年来,免疫抑制和诱导免疫耐受手段的进步和发展,使人体组织和器官移植已成为当前医疗活动的重要部分,特别是治疗慢性器官衰竭的肾、心、肝和肺移植获得了相当的成功。随之而来的是,全球性的可供移植器官来源不足与器官移植需求日益增长的矛盾急待解决。例如在美国需...     

完美中国颌兽(Sinognathus gracilis)头骨化石标本的新观察

通过ＣＴ扫描对完美中国颌兽（犬齿兽科,爬行纲）头骨正型标本进行再研究,实现了无损伤观察化石标本内部结构之目的,发现脑颅内腔的上方有特别长大的三棱柱形的构造,暂解释为额－顶窦。对鳞骨后外侧面的外耳道作了详细观察记述。     

云南厚壳桂属一新种

瘤果厚壳桂新种CryptocaryarolletiiWangetH.Zhu,sp.nov.SpeciesproximaC.maculataeH.W.Li,sedfructumajore,2.5cmdiam,nervislateralibusutrinsecus4~6differtaC.haihanensiMerr.fructugloboso,paniculaexpansa,multifloradiffert.Arbor,usquead20malalRamuliinjuventnte...