Quantitative response of cell growth and Tuber polysaccharides biosynthesis by medicinal mushroom Chinese truffle Tuber sinense to metal ion in culture medium

During the submerged fermentation of medicinal mushroom Chinese truffle Tuber sinense, there was no significant effect of metal ion on the cell growth and the production of intracellular polysaccharides, while metal ion and its concentration significantly affected the production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). By using the approach of "one-variable-at-a-time", 50 mM Mg2+ was identified to be the most favorable for EPS production, and the next was 10 mM K+. A mathematical model, constructed by response surface methodology combination with full factorial design, was applied to study the synergic effect of Mg2+ and K+. EPS production reached its peak value of 5.86 g/L under their optimal combination of 30 mM Mg2+ and 5 mM K+ predicted by the model, which was higher by 130.7% compared with the basal fermentation medium without metal ion. The validation experiment showed the experimental values agreed with the predicted values well. EPS production obtained in this work was the highest reported in the culture of T. sinense.     

Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in brine and saline by alternating high-voltage pulsed current

The inactivating efficiency of alternating high-voltage pulsed (AHVP) current was investigated in brine (20 w/v% NaCl) and saline (0.9 w/v% NaCl) inoculated with 1x 107 cells/ml of Listeria monocytogenes. AHVP current at 12 V with 1 pulse completely inactivated L. monocytogenes in brine within 3 ms, while the bacteria in saline were fully inactivated by 10-pulsed electric treatment at 12 V within the same time. Electron microscopic observation demonstrated substantial structural damage of electrically treated L. monocytogenes in brine. These results suggest that AHVP treatment would be effective for the rapid and complete inactivation of L. monocytogenes in brine or saline solution.     

乌头类双酯型生物碱水解产物-苯甲酸的含量测定研究

目的:建立RP-HPLC测定乌头类双酯型生物碱水解产物苯甲酸含量的方法.方法:色谱柱:Waters C18(150×4.6 mm),流动相:甲醇-0.02 mol/L乙酸铵溶液(5∶95),检测波长:230 nm,流速:1.0 ml/min,柱温:30℃.结果:苯甲酸在0.432～3.888μg(r=0.9999)之间呈线性关系,苯甲酸加样回收率为98.62%(RSD=1.89%).结论:该方法简便、稳定、准确,可做为乌头类双酯型生物碱水解产物苯甲酸含量测定的方法.     

Phylogeographic patterns of steppe species in Eastern Central Europe: a review and the implications for conservation

The phylogeography of species associated with European steppes and extrazonal xeric grasslands is poorly understood. This paper summarizes the results of recent studies on the phylogeography and conservation genetics of animals (20 taxa of beetles, butterflies, reptiles and rodents) and flowering plants (18 taxa) of such, "steppic" habitats in Eastern Central Europe. Most species show a similar phylogeographic pattern: relatively high genetic similarity within regional groups of populations and moderate-to-high genetic distinctiveness of populations from currently isolated regions located in the studied area. This distinctiveness of populations suggests a survival here during glacial maxima, including areas north of the Bohemian Massif-Carpathians arc. Steppic species generally do not follow the paradigmatic patterns known for temperate biota (south-north “contraction–expansion”), but to some extent are similar to those of arctic-alpine taxa. There are three main groups of taxa within Eastern Central Europe that differ in their contemporary distribution pattern, which may reflect historical origin and expansion routes. Present diversity patterns of the studied steppic species suggest that they share a unique genetic signature and distinct assemblages exist in each of the now isolated areas rich in steppic habitats. At least some of these areas probably act as present “interglacial refugia” for steppic species. This study strongly supports the need to protect steppic species throughout their entire ranges in the region, as the continuous destruction of steppic habitats in some areas may lead not only to the disappearance of local populations, but also to the extinction of unique evolutionary units.     

山西马身猪及其杂交后代H-FABP基因的PCR-RFLP检测

运用PCR-RFLP法检测马身猪及其杂交后代H-FABP基因多态性。结果表明,马身猪在Hinf Ⅰ-RFLP位点上有HH和Hh两种基因型,在HaeⅢ-RFLP位点上只有DD基因型,在HinfⅠ*-RFLP位点上有BB和Bb两种基因型,等位基因以h、D、B占优势,其频率分别为0．958、1．000和0．968。其杂交后代在HaeⅢ-RFLP位点上只检测到两种基因型DD和Dd。     

Autophagy and KRT8/keratin 8 protect degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium under oxidative stress

Contribution of autophagy and regulation of related proteins to the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remain unknown. We report that upregulation of KRT8 (keratin 8) as well as its phosphorylation are accompanied with autophagy and attenuated with the inhibition of autophagy in RPE cells under oxidative stress. KRT8 appears to have a dual role in RPE pathophysiology. While increased expression of KRT8 following autophagy provides a cytoprotective role in RPE, phosphorylation of KRT8 induces pathologic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of RPE cells under oxidative stress, which is mediated by MAPK1/ERK2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 1) and MAPK3/ERK1. Inhibition of autophagy further promotes EMT, which can be reversed by inhibition of MAPK. Thus, regulated enhancement of autophagy with concurrent increased expression of KRT8 and the inhibition of KRT8 phosphorylation serve to inhibit oxidative stress-induced EMT of RPE cells as well as to prevent cell death, suggesting that pharmacological manipulation of KRT8 upregulation through autophagy with combined inhibition of the MAPK1/3 pathway may be attractive therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AMD.     

目标树抚育对亚热带天然次生灌丛群落结构和多样性的影响

在浙江省临安市选择典型天然次生灌丛,分别进行封禁和目标树抚育,探讨灌丛恢复为乔木林的可能性.结果表明: 4年后,与未管护(对照)相比,封禁和目标树抚育后群落平均胸径分别提高1.3和2.6倍,平均高度分别提高0.5和1.1倍;目标树抚育林木出现了对照林分没有的4.5～8.5 cm径阶和4.5～8.5 m树高阶,形成了4 m高的新林层;灌木层物种丰富度和多样性指数没有因抚育而下降;封禁管理维持了群落的树种组成,遵循原有的演替方向;目标树抚育显著改变了群落的树种组成,提高了目的树种的重要值,近期有可能恢复成为针阔混交林群落.与封禁相比,目标树抚育在优势林木胸径和高度生长、树种组成改善等方面更能达到预想的目标.在有条件经营的情况下,可以选择目标树抚育模式对天然次生灌丛进行管理,从而达到加快群落恢复演替形成乔木林的目的.     

莳萝蒿适应盐渍环境的Na~+区域化方式和生理特征

莳萝蒿是广泛分布在我国北方的一种特殊类型的菊科盐生植物,阐明莳萝蒿特殊的耐盐机制和生理特征有助于丰富植物抗盐性研究的内容。用0、100、200、300、400 mmol/L Na Cl处理莳萝蒿7 d后,比较莳萝蒿盐处理植株与对照植株在生长和生理方面的差异,并详细分析了Na+在莳萝蒿体内的积累水平和区域化方式。结果显示:莳萝蒿虽然能够耐受400 mmol/L Na Cl,但盐处理显著抑制了莳萝蒿的生长,整株鲜重随着盐处理浓度的升高逐渐减小。在水分生理方面,随着盐处理浓度的升高,莳萝蒿叶片细胞的渗透调节能力逐渐增强,其叶片肉质化程度却呈逐渐降低的趋势。分析盐处理对光合作用的影响发现,盐处理后莳萝蒿叶片光合速率与气孔导度显著下降,而其PSⅡ光化学活性并未受到抑制,叶绿素含量甚至逐渐增大,说明盐处理后莳萝蒿叶片光合速率的降低主要是由于气孔因素造成的,而不是由于光合结构被破坏。莳萝蒿体内的Na+含量随着盐处理浓度的升高显著增加,400 mmol/L Na Cl条件下叶、茎、根中的Na+含量分别高达321.4、242.1和182.3μmol/g鲜重;莳萝蒿体内的Na+70%以上积累在叶片内,而叶片内98%左右的Na+积累在叶片原生质体中,叶片原生质体中的Na+平均浓度是质外体1.2—1.8倍,推测其叶片细胞内存在着有效的Na+区域化机制。盐处理后莳萝蒿叶片液泡膜V-H+-ATPase的质子泵活性比对照增加了30%—50%,液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运活性则增加至对照的4—7倍,进一步证实莳萝蒿叶片具有较强的液泡Na+区域化能力。随着盐处理浓度的升高,Na+在叶片中的分布比例相对减少,V-H+-ATPase的质子泵活性和Na+/H+逆向转运活性增幅也减缓。这种Na+区域化能力使莳萝蒿获得了较强的耐盐性,有效保护了其光系统,降低了细胞汁液渗透势。但是盐处理后这种耐盐方式并不能阻止莳萝蒿叶片肉质化程度和光合活性下降,莳萝蒿生长仍然受盐抑制,说明Na+区域化是莳萝蒿适应盐渍环境的必要条件而非充分条件。     

Orexin 受体拮抗剂：治疗失眠的新途径

Orexin 受体有2 种亚型,即orexin-1 受体和oerxin-2 受体,为下丘脑外侧神经元中的2 个G 蛋白偶联受体,其内源性配体分别为orexin-A 和-B。研究发现,动物或人的orexin 神经元损伤后会引起嗜睡症,且orexin 受体在调节睡眠- 觉醒周期方面发挥重要作用。因此,开发orexin 受体拮抗剂,成为改善睡眠和治疗失眠的一条新途径。简介orexin 及其受体,综述orexin 信号通路对睡眠- 觉醒的调控作用与机制以及orexin 受体拮抗剂的研究与开发。     

轮状病毒疫苗研究进展及其转基因植物疫苗的开发前景

轮状病毒是目前婴幼儿秋冬季腹泻的最主要病原物,作者通过轮状病毒减毒株疫苗,亚单位疫苗和DNA疫苗研究进展的综合分析,指出了减毒株疫苗在实际应用中存在的弊端,论述了开发新型轮状病毒疫苗,特别是转基因植物疫苗的必要性和可行性。