河流输送硅通量降低的机制及生态效应

从筑坝成库、硅藻吸收和固定、渔业发展、水体富营养化、水文结构变化几方面对河流输送硅通量降低的影响机制进行了归纳分析,综述了河流输送硅通量降低对河流、河口和近海产生的生态效应。研究表明,河流输送硅通量降低对硅的地球化学循环平衡产生了巨大影响,并造成了一系列的生态变迁。其中,硅藻是河流输送硅通量降低的主要因素,大量繁殖的硅藻将水库水体溶解性硅(DSi)吸收后转化成自身的生物硅(BSi),死亡后沉积到水库底部贮存起来,导致下游河流和海洋缺乏DSi,从而产生对人类具有重大影响的生态效应。     

Olfactory Cues Used in Host Selection by Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Relation to Host Suitability

Olfactory responses of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) to odors from six vegetable host plants-cabbage (Brassica oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), eggplant (Solanum melongena), celery (Apium graveolens) and garlic (Allium sativum) - were measured in choice tests in a Y-tube olfactometer, while host suitability of these same plants was assessed based on life table parameters-development time, survival rates, fertility, offspring sex ratio, female longevity, and an index of population change (I) - measured on leaf disks. Olfactory response was measured on both undamaged and mechanically-damaged plants. Regardless of plant damaged, female F. occidentalis responded positively to the odors of cabbage, lettuce, cucumber, and eggplant, but showed negative responses to celery and garlic, when offered a choice of plant odor or clean air. When female thrips were offered choices between each possible pairing of undamaged plants, or pairings of mechanically-damaged plants, the order of preference was cabbage = lettuce = cucumber > eggplant > celery = garlic. Male thrips responded differently, males responded positively only to undamaged lettuce and eggplant compared to clean air, while among mechanically-damaged plants only cucumber elicited a positive response. Given a choice between all possible pairings of undamaged plants, male thrips preferred lettuce to celery, and eggplant to garlic, whereas among pairings of mechanically-damaged plants male thrips preferred lettuce to celery, and cucumber to eggplant. The order of suitability of the six host plants based on life table parameters for F. occidentalis was essentially the same as the order of preference by female thrips. These results indicate that host plant odor is an important cue for female F. occidentalis in recognizing hosts suitable for oviposition. Information on plant attraction and repellency may be useful in thrips pest management. In addition, the correspondence of preference and performance that we found suggests that evolution of local host adaptation and, perhaps, host specialization, is possible.     

烟粉虱及温室白粉虱为害后对后续粉虱种群的影响

【目的】分析烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)或温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)为害番茄后对后续温室白粉虱和烟粉虱生长、发育、成虫寿命和繁殖等产生的促进或抑制作用,可为明确寄主植物番茄介导的温室白粉虱-烟粉虱的种间互作,开展粉虱的科学防控提供科学依据。【方法】通过在寄主植物番茄叶片上先将B型烟粉虱或温室白粉虱按不同的顺序、时间间隔分开接种,再系统观察后续接上的两种粉虱生长、发育、繁殖等种群参数的变化。【结果】(1)先期接上烟粉虱对后续温室白粉虱的发育、寿命、产卵量有明显的促进作用;这种作用需烟粉虱的持续诱导,若去掉烟粉虱,其对温室白粉虱的促进作用即消失;先期接上温室白粉虱可缩短后续烟粉虱伪蛹期,但温室白粉虱的持续存在不利于烟粉虱的产卵,且明显降低烟粉虱的内禀增长率和净增殖率。(2)先后在番茄上同时接上温室白粉虱可降低后续烟粉虱的单雌产卵量和雌、雄虫的成虫寿命;先后同时接种烟粉虱却显著地增加了温室白粉虱的单雌产卵量;烟粉虱的提前存在降低了后续烟粉虱单雌产卵量。(3)但两种粉虱之间作用存在着一定的时间滞后性。烟粉虱对温室白粉虱的发育、寿命、产卵量产生的促进作用大约在其卵期后的一段时间才能显现出来;温室白粉虱对烟粉虱伪蛹期的缩短作用也需提前诱导;而温室白粉虱对温室白粉虱的促进作用相当滞后,直到成虫期才显现出来。【结论】B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱之间可通过寄主番茄产生相互影响,前期烟粉虱为害可显著促进后续温室白粉虱卵和若虫的发育,而前期温室白粉虱为害对烟粉虱的发育不利。     

单纯治疗慢性前列腺炎对其合并早泄的影响

目的:探讨单纯治疗慢性前列腺炎对其合并早泄的影响。方法:选择372例前列腺炎继发早泄的患者进行单纯针对前列腺炎的治疗,评价前列腺炎的治疗效果(包括前列腺炎症状评分(NIH-CPSI)、前列腺液常规等)及早泄的治疗效果(包括患者性生活满意度评分、配偶性生活满意度评分及阴道内射精潜伏期等)。结果:慢性前列腺炎经综合治疗后,患者的NIH-CPSI评分及前列腺液白细胞计数均显著降低(P0.05)。前列腺炎治愈或好转后,大多数患者的早泄情况得到明显改善,患者性生活满意度、配偶性生活满意度均较治疗前显著提高,阴道内射精潜伏期亦较治疗前明显延长,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:单纯治疗慢性前列腺炎继可使大部分患者并发的早泄明显改善,而对少数前列腺炎好转后早泄症状改善不明显者,可联合应用SSRIs等药物治疗。     

柔毛淫羊藿及其近缘种叶片非腺毛形态及其分类学意义

柔毛淫羊藿(Epimedium pubescens Maxim.)是中国淫羊藿属植物中分布较为广泛、形态变异较为丰富的物种,柔毛淫羊藿及其近缘种在分类中存在诸多争议。为研究柔毛淫羊藿及其近缘种变异规律和进行种的界限划分,该研究对柔毛淫羊藿31个居群和近缘种星花羊藿3个居群、镇巴淫羊藿1个居群、万源淫羊藿1个居群共36个居群的叶背非腺毛进行了显微观察。结果显示：(1)所观察到的非腺毛分为直毛、曲毛、伏曲毛、长伏毛、拟短伏毛、短伏毛、单细胞毛7个大类19个小类,并发现每个居群或每个个体的叶背面非腺毛是由多种类型构成。(2)共观察到13个居群具有乳突,且69.2%非腺毛较少(非腺毛密度少于50个/mm²)的居群具有乳突;而且共有27个居群中具有单细胞毛,占该研究36个居群的75%。(3)以非腺毛密度、主要类型构成进行居群归类,其中柔毛淫羊藿21个居群为直毛群(A),柔毛淫羊藿7个居群为曲毛群(B),柔毛淫羊藿2个居群、星花淫羊藿3个居群、镇巴淫羊藿1个居群为长伏毛群(D),柔毛淫羊藿1个居群为拟短伏毛群(E),万源淫羊藿1个居群为短伏毛群(F),所有居群均共有直毛类非腺毛,说明直毛类非腺毛为柔毛淫羊藿及其近缘种的核心类型非腺毛。(4)从居群内非腺毛类型组成的角度梳理出了居群间的演化关系,直毛群：AⅠ→AⅡ→AⅢ→AⅣ→AⅤ;曲毛群：BⅠ→BⅡ→BⅢ→BⅣ;长伏毛群：DⅠ→DⅡ→DⅢ;直毛群→曲毛群;短直毛群→短伏毛特化群;短直毛群→拟短伏毛特化群,且居群间的演化关系与地理分布呈现良好的相关性。(5)单细胞毛为淫羊藿属中首次发现。研究认为,单细胞毛可能与主流非腺毛类型(直毛和曲毛)和地理分布有关,但乳突则与叶背面的非腺毛密度可能存在负相关关系;该研究结果支持将星花淫羊藿归为柔毛淫羊藿种下等级的分类处理。     

高速逆流双水相色谱法纯化卵白蛋白

生物大分子的液_固色谱纯化过程中固相载体会产生产物吸附、变性等不良影响。高速逆流色谱无需固相载体 ,且具有高分便率和高回收率的优点 ,其中有机相 水相体系在分离天然产物中应用广泛 ,而应用双水相体系分离生物大分子尚处于研究阶段。双水相高速逆流色谱体系的建立与仪器设备及操作工艺条件密切相关 ,因此利用多分离柱高速逆流色谱仪 ,研究了PEG1000-无机盐双水相体系对标准蛋白质混合物以及卵白蛋白的分离。pH值和PEG浓度对不同种类蛋白质的分配系数影响不同 ,实验发现在pH9.2的150% (W/W)PEG1000 170% (W/W)磷酸钾盐体系中 ,细胞色素C、溶菌酶和肌红蛋白的分配系数差异较大 ,且分布合理 ,因而采用该体系在 0 8mL min流速 ,85 0r min转速的条件下 ,成功分离了细胞色素C、溶菌酶和肌红蛋白的混合物。实验也发现在pH9 2的 16 0 % (W/W)PEG10 0 0 17 0 % (W/W)磷酸钾盐体系中 ,鸡蛋清样品中的主要蛋白质成分:卵转铁蛋白、卵白蛋白和溶菌酶的分配系数差异最大 ,因而采用该体系在 1 8mL min流速、85 0r mi转速的条件下,200min内从鸡蛋清样品中成功分离卵白蛋白,其电泳纯度为100%,收率为95%.     

鄂尔多斯东胜地区不同生态功能区的土壤侵蚀敏感性

利用ETM影像数据和GIS技术,对鄂尔多斯东胜地区进行生态功能分区.以水土流失通用方程 (universal soil loss equation, USLE) 理论为基础,并依据土壤侵蚀敏感性驱动力的相似性和差异性,分析了降水、土壤质地、地形和地表覆盖因子对该区域不同生态功能分区土壤侵蚀与水土流失敏感性的影响.研究结果表明:典型草原丘陵区土壤侵蚀敏感性指数SSj为4.2,典型草原平原区为4.0,典型草原沙化区为4.6,荒漠草原区土壤侵蚀敏感性指数为5.0;4个生态功能区的土地沙漠化都属于土地沙漠化高度敏感区,其由高到低的排序为荒漠草原区 > 典型草原沙化区 = 典型草原平原区 > 典型草原丘陵区;就土壤侵蚀程度而言,典型草原平原区属于土壤侵蚀轻度敏感区,荒漠草原区、典型草原沙化区、典型草原丘陵区属于土壤侵蚀中度敏感区.将其土壤侵蚀化程度由高到低排序:荒漠草原区 > 典型草原沙化区 > 典型草原丘陵区 > 典型草原平原区;就土壤盐渍化而言,典型草原丘陵区属于土地盐渍化不敏感区,其它3个区属于土地盐渍化轻度敏感区.在综合评价其土壤侵蚀敏感性区域差异基础上,阐述了鄂尔多斯东胜地区水土流失敏感性区域土地利用格局的调整与优化取向.     

Visualization of chromatin folding patterns in chicken erythrocytes by atomic force microscopy （AFM）

The organization of the higher order structure of chromatin in chicken erythrocytes has been examined with tapping-mode scanning force microscopy under conditions close to their native envirinment.Reproducible highresolution AFM images of chromatin compaction at several levels can be demonstrated.An extended beads-on-astring (width of - 15-20nm,height of - 2-3nm for each individual nucleosome) can be consistently observed.Furthermore,superbeade (width of - 40nm,height of - 7nm) are demonstrated.Visualization of the solenoid conformation at the level of 30nm chromatin fiber is attained either by using AFM or by using electron microscopy.In addition,tightly coiled chromatin fibers (- 50-60nm and - 90-110nm) can be revealed.Our data suggest that the chromatin in the interphase nucleus of chicken erythrocyte represents a high-order conformation and AFM provides useful high-resolution structural information concerning the folding pattern of interphase chromatin fibers.